Tucked away in our subconscious is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans the continent. We are traveling by train. Out the window we drink in the passing scene of cars on nearby highways, of children waving at a crossing, of cattle grazing on a distant hillside, of smoke pouring from a power plant, of row upon row of corn and wheat, of flatlands and valleys, of mountains and rolling hillsides, or city skylines and village halls.
But uppermost in our minds is the final destination. On a certain day at a certain hour we will pull into the station. Banks will be playing and flags waving. Once we get there so many wonderful dreams will come true and the pieces of our lives will fit together like a completed jigsaw puzzle. How restlessly we pace the aisles, damning the minutes for loitering – waiting, waiting, waiting for the station.
“When we reach the station, that will be it!”, we cry. “When I’m 18.” “When I buy a new SL Mercedes Benz!” “When I put the last kid through college.” “When I have paid off the mortgage!” “When I get a promotion.” “When I reach the age of retirement, I shall live happily ever after!”
Sooner or later, we must realize there is not station, no one place to arrive at once and for all. The true joy of life is the trip. The station is only a dream. It constantly outdistances us.
“Relish in the moment” is a good motto especially when coupled with Psalm 118:24: “This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it.” It isn’t the burdens of today that drive men mad. It is the regrets over yesterday and the fear of tomorrow. Regret and fear are twin thieves who rob us of today.
So stop pacing the aisles and counting the miles. Instead, climb more mountains, eat more ice cream, go barefoot more often, swim more rivers, watch more sunsets, laugh more, cry less. Life must be lived as we go along. The station will come soon enough.
Saturday, March 26, 2011
Health Problem Case Increases Due to Improper Segregation
Orbiso, Christianne Eric T. BS Development Communication 2-A
Health Problem Case Increases Due to Improper Segregation
Improper disposal of garbage in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City is the major concern of the some residents. When you take a look at the left to the right, there are garbage stocked and thrown by people, anywhere and most probably anytime they want. Due to this, the air that they breath smells bad. The surroundings make grimy. There are some insects found in the garbage. One of the major rationale of this is the fishes because the place is the public market of fishes. As you visit the place, you can see, on the other hand, stocked, trapped dead fishes in drainages, in pathways and in the public market alone. That’s why this makes the air smells bad and the den unclean.
Moreover, because of this case, the people facing health problems increased. There are about 45% out of 100% are having health problems compared to the last year’s case. It increases 10% within this year because improper throwing of garbage can really affect the health of an individual. Of these 45%, many are having fever, cough, colds even dengue.
According to the Barangay Captain of Sawang Calero, Mr. Benjamin Zabate, he is very concerned of the health of his constituents. That is why, he is promoting and acquiring a daily collection of garbage, house by house wherein there are paid workers of the barangay who will collect it and it is to be carried into a truck inorder to dispose it properly. In this instance, this can help debase the people suffering from different illnesses. Before, thios action was done only every Wednesday and Friday or twice a week but due to the increasing case of health problems, it is now converted to day by day collection.
Notwithstanding, this action is on the go, still some people do not cooperate and participate him upon doing this. There is still littering happen in the place. In him alone as he says, he can maintain the cleanliness but when it comes to the side of the people, there are only some who will colaborate him lik the concerned citizens. This will be sustainable if people will maintain and contribute a help and be concern to everyone’s advantages and of course to wake up from this hazardous exemplifications.
Nevertheless, the barangay has the medical clinic or health center dedicated to the people who suffered from differnt ailments. The clinic was raised by the Barangay Captain with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor Tomas Osmeña. According to the Barangay Captain, the people can go along to the clinic and they will be released free medicines and free consultation or check- up.
Having a clinic in the barangay doesn’t mean that the people will not give effort or put premium to thye rampant improper disposal of garbage, they should not depend on the clinic because a clinic has nothing to do with the case of garbage.
Health Problem Case Increases Due to Improper Segregation
Improper disposal of garbage in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City is the major concern of the some residents. When you take a look at the left to the right, there are garbage stocked and thrown by people, anywhere and most probably anytime they want. Due to this, the air that they breath smells bad. The surroundings make grimy. There are some insects found in the garbage. One of the major rationale of this is the fishes because the place is the public market of fishes. As you visit the place, you can see, on the other hand, stocked, trapped dead fishes in drainages, in pathways and in the public market alone. That’s why this makes the air smells bad and the den unclean.
Moreover, because of this case, the people facing health problems increased. There are about 45% out of 100% are having health problems compared to the last year’s case. It increases 10% within this year because improper throwing of garbage can really affect the health of an individual. Of these 45%, many are having fever, cough, colds even dengue.
According to the Barangay Captain of Sawang Calero, Mr. Benjamin Zabate, he is very concerned of the health of his constituents. That is why, he is promoting and acquiring a daily collection of garbage, house by house wherein there are paid workers of the barangay who will collect it and it is to be carried into a truck inorder to dispose it properly. In this instance, this can help debase the people suffering from different illnesses. Before, thios action was done only every Wednesday and Friday or twice a week but due to the increasing case of health problems, it is now converted to day by day collection.
Notwithstanding, this action is on the go, still some people do not cooperate and participate him upon doing this. There is still littering happen in the place. In him alone as he says, he can maintain the cleanliness but when it comes to the side of the people, there are only some who will colaborate him lik the concerned citizens. This will be sustainable if people will maintain and contribute a help and be concern to everyone’s advantages and of course to wake up from this hazardous exemplifications.
Nevertheless, the barangay has the medical clinic or health center dedicated to the people who suffered from differnt ailments. The clinic was raised by the Barangay Captain with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor Tomas Osmeña. According to the Barangay Captain, the people can go along to the clinic and they will be released free medicines and free consultation or check- up.
Having a clinic in the barangay doesn’t mean that the people will not give effort or put premium to thye rampant improper disposal of garbage, they should not depend on the clinic because a clinic has nothing to do with the case of garbage.
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY A Micro Study on a Social Problem
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
A Micro Study on a Social Problem
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication 2-A
Submitted by:
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
Submitted to:
Mr. Manuel M. Avenido Jr.
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
When you care for yourself, your home, your yard and your garden you use a variety of chemical products. Many of these common household products contain hazardous chemicals. When we no longer want these products they become hazardous waste.
Most household products are not harmful if used according to label directions. However, they can become harmful if you use them improperly, store them improperly, or dispose of them improperly.
Most people dispose of hazardous products by throwing them in the trash, pouring them down the drain, burning them, pouring them in a ditch, dumping them on a vacant lot or burying them in a field. These practices are dangerous. Waste from hazardous household products can contaminate lakes, rivers, streams and the groundwater (the places below the ground where water accumulates before it goes to a river, stream or well).
Just like in the Barangay Sawang Calero in the City of Cebu is undergoing a query which is the improper throwing of garbage or wastes. This is a major problem in the locality wherein the residents are affected by these wicked exemplification. One of the uncertainties of the populace in the affected area is the health difficulties. Lots of people have been encountering different problems in heath.
The inevitable rationale of this circumstance is the production of the consumption proceeding. On the other hand, the place is known as the fish public market and this makes the garbage abundant.
The garbage in the barangay are rampant that manufacture different ailments of an individual. From one side to another side, garbage or wastes are always present.
Such constant illnesses that brought by this are cough, colds, fever and dengue.
CASE STUDIES AND FIELD STUDIES
Many health problems have been associated with improper waste disposal on behalf of companies and individuals alike. Many people who present health conditions have been exposed to high levels of toxic waste over an extended period of time through the pollution of groundwater, air and soil.
The researcher conducted a depth data and enters the land of the barangay. Individuals contributed their own simple ways on how to evade or debase the case like to dispose it properly. They were also voicing their problems with regard to the effects of improper disposal of garbage. As the study’s getting different information, the Barangay Sawang Calero is amending the everyday collection of garbage, house by house knowing that this is the simple method of diminishing the cases of the health problems.
The place is quite big and in every different area, still the garbage can be found. This makes the air smells bad and this is very much hazardous to one’s health.
With regard to the people who have different ailments, the barangay has a medical clinic for free consultation and free assistance of medicine to them.
The clinic was raised with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor, Tomas Osmeña. Everyday, everybody can visit the clinic from 8:00 am – 5:00 pm and few doctors will be present during Monday and Friday only.
OBSERVATIONS
The researcher observed the den of the barangay. Usually, the residents are still speaking out their predicament about this negative occurrence. They are aiming for an instant solution to this major case. On the other side, upon observing, there are some folks who are still throwing garbage anywhere despite the huge problem. These are the people who are probably not concerned of what’s happening. The people also can do it freely because no one will warn them and there is nothing signboards in the place even.
But some of the concern citizens in the barangay are working hard for their betterment. They are practicing themselves to segregate their wastes properly. Notwithstanding they are doing their best, still they want everything to be fixed so that anyone can breathe into the purified air rather than keep smelling to dirty air and of course to be protected from different illnesses or even just to lessen the cases of these.
CONCLUSION
The Barangay Sawang Calero is on the process of debasing the case of improper throwing of wastes and the case of health problems. Eventhough there is now an action done but the barangay is looking forward to another step to directly lessen and cease these. The authorities of the barangay continue to advice and get the attention of everyone to go with their mission. The barangay is having a monthly cleaning of drainages and having the day by day, house to house collection of garbage that are to be collected by the use of a truck inorder to dispose it properly.
These are some of helpful solutions to these:
Don't throw it in anywhere because improper use may cause toxic health effects such as headache, injury or death. Improper storage may allow chemicals to leak into the environment, causing dangerous chemical reactions, poisoning or pollution. Improper disposal may allow these chemicals to contaminate soil and/or water.
Don't pour it down the drain because when you pour hazardous household products down the sink or flush them down the toilet the hazardous materials enter either a septic system or a municipal sewer system.
Don't pour it in ditches, storm drains orgutters because if you pour hazardous household waste in ditches, storm drains or gutters, it can poison plants and wildlife, contaminate the soil, and be harmful to children and adults who come in contact with it When it rains, the hazardous household waste travels directly to nearby streams, rivers and lakes.
Don't burn it.If you burn hazardous waste, you risk producing poisonous fumes, contributing to air pollution or causing an explosion.
Don't dump it or bury it. If you dump or bury some types of hazardous household wastes, they may leach through the soil and contaminate the soil or water, especially if the waste is persistent or non-biodegradable. Children or pets and wildlife may be hurt. Dogs frequently are poisoned by drinking antifreeze left on roads or driveways.
DOCUMENTATION
1. These are the wastes found in the drainages and pathways of the barangay.
2. This is the medical clinic or the health center of the barangay.
3. These people are few of the concern citizens in the barangay, sweeping and dispose their wastes properly.
4. The wastes are in the truck to dispose the wastes in proper way.
5. The researcher is holding a plastic, throwing it to the receptacle, demonstrating and teaching the kid on how to throw the garbage properly.
6. These are the fishes inside the public market that is one of the reasons to why the air smells bad.
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
A Micro Study on a Social Problem
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication 2-A
Submitted by:
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
Submitted to:
Mr. Manuel M. Avenido Jr.
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
When you care for yourself, your home, your yard and your garden you use a variety of chemical products. Many of these common household products contain hazardous chemicals. When we no longer want these products they become hazardous waste.
Most household products are not harmful if used according to label directions. However, they can become harmful if you use them improperly, store them improperly, or dispose of them improperly.
Most people dispose of hazardous products by throwing them in the trash, pouring them down the drain, burning them, pouring them in a ditch, dumping them on a vacant lot or burying them in a field. These practices are dangerous. Waste from hazardous household products can contaminate lakes, rivers, streams and the groundwater (the places below the ground where water accumulates before it goes to a river, stream or well).
Just like in the Barangay Sawang Calero in the City of Cebu is undergoing a query which is the improper throwing of garbage or wastes. This is a major problem in the locality wherein the residents are affected by these wicked exemplification. One of the uncertainties of the populace in the affected area is the health difficulties. Lots of people have been encountering different problems in heath.
The inevitable rationale of this circumstance is the production of the consumption proceeding. On the other hand, the place is known as the fish public market and this makes the garbage abundant.
The garbage in the barangay are rampant that manufacture different ailments of an individual. From one side to another side, garbage or wastes are always present.
Such constant illnesses that brought by this are cough, colds, fever and dengue.
CASE STUDIES AND FIELD STUDIES
Many health problems have been associated with improper waste disposal on behalf of companies and individuals alike. Many people who present health conditions have been exposed to high levels of toxic waste over an extended period of time through the pollution of groundwater, air and soil.
The researcher conducted a depth data and enters the land of the barangay. Individuals contributed their own simple ways on how to evade or debase the case like to dispose it properly. They were also voicing their problems with regard to the effects of improper disposal of garbage. As the study’s getting different information, the Barangay Sawang Calero is amending the everyday collection of garbage, house by house knowing that this is the simple method of diminishing the cases of the health problems.
The place is quite big and in every different area, still the garbage can be found. This makes the air smells bad and this is very much hazardous to one’s health.
With regard to the people who have different ailments, the barangay has a medical clinic for free consultation and free assistance of medicine to them.
The clinic was raised with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor, Tomas Osmeña. Everyday, everybody can visit the clinic from 8:00 am – 5:00 pm and few doctors will be present during Monday and Friday only.
OBSERVATIONS
The researcher observed the den of the barangay. Usually, the residents are still speaking out their predicament about this negative occurrence. They are aiming for an instant solution to this major case. On the other side, upon observing, there are some folks who are still throwing garbage anywhere despite the huge problem. These are the people who are probably not concerned of what’s happening. The people also can do it freely because no one will warn them and there is nothing signboards in the place even.
But some of the concern citizens in the barangay are working hard for their betterment. They are practicing themselves to segregate their wastes properly. Notwithstanding they are doing their best, still they want everything to be fixed so that anyone can breathe into the purified air rather than keep smelling to dirty air and of course to be protected from different illnesses or even just to lessen the cases of these.
CONCLUSION
The Barangay Sawang Calero is on the process of debasing the case of improper throwing of wastes and the case of health problems. Eventhough there is now an action done but the barangay is looking forward to another step to directly lessen and cease these. The authorities of the barangay continue to advice and get the attention of everyone to go with their mission. The barangay is having a monthly cleaning of drainages and having the day by day, house to house collection of garbage that are to be collected by the use of a truck inorder to dispose it properly.
These are some of helpful solutions to these:
Don't throw it in anywhere because improper use may cause toxic health effects such as headache, injury or death. Improper storage may allow chemicals to leak into the environment, causing dangerous chemical reactions, poisoning or pollution. Improper disposal may allow these chemicals to contaminate soil and/or water.
Don't pour it down the drain because when you pour hazardous household products down the sink or flush them down the toilet the hazardous materials enter either a septic system or a municipal sewer system.
Don't pour it in ditches, storm drains orgutters because if you pour hazardous household waste in ditches, storm drains or gutters, it can poison plants and wildlife, contaminate the soil, and be harmful to children and adults who come in contact with it When it rains, the hazardous household waste travels directly to nearby streams, rivers and lakes.
Don't burn it.If you burn hazardous waste, you risk producing poisonous fumes, contributing to air pollution or causing an explosion.
Don't dump it or bury it. If you dump or bury some types of hazardous household wastes, they may leach through the soil and contaminate the soil or water, especially if the waste is persistent or non-biodegradable. Children or pets and wildlife may be hurt. Dogs frequently are poisoned by drinking antifreeze left on roads or driveways.
DOCUMENTATION
1. These are the wastes found in the drainages and pathways of the barangay.
2. This is the medical clinic or the health center of the barangay.
3. These people are few of the concern citizens in the barangay, sweeping and dispose their wastes properly.
4. The wastes are in the truck to dispose the wastes in proper way.
5. The researcher is holding a plastic, throwing it to the receptacle, demonstrating and teaching the kid on how to throw the garbage properly.
6. These are the fishes inside the public market that is one of the reasons to why the air smells bad.
SONA OF THE PRESIDENT
NAME: Christianne Eric T. Orbiso DEGREE & YEAR: BSDevcom 2- A
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Manuel Avenido Jr. TIME: 8:30- 10:00 (TTH)
SONA OF THE PRESIDENT
AIMING FOR CHANGES
A critical essay on Pres. Aquino’s SONA
In every step that we encounter, our target is always to have an improvement in our life. Not only for ourselves, but for others’ sake also. Not only for our family or to our needs but for others too.
Seldom we can say, what about the beautiful, impressive and progressive other countries? We definitely want it and it is also our ambition that one day it would be the Philippines to be one of that rapturous countries. In fact, we are wondering why they can do it while we, are just stocked and trapped to one step, we cannot even reach the next simple step. That’s why we, as Filipinos are merged to help each other in committing a progressive life. When changes came first to us, there is also a need of assistance to totally grab the opportunity. Generally, in every country, we have this, what we call “President” to be the instrument for improvement and success.
As the Philippines faced a new image of administration, we Filipinos are still hoping and finding for a food to cure our hunger in terms of changes.
The first State of the Nation Address of the newly- elected president, Benigno Simeon Cojuanco Aquino III or recently known as P-Noy, was the mouth of every populace. It was becoming to be controversial.
As my research goes on, upon reading the whole- page of the address, from the topmost to lower part, I found out that there were many promises stated according to P-Noy. One of those is as he says, “Sa administrasyon po natin, walang kota-kota, walang tongpats, ang pera ng taumbayan ay gagastusin para sa taumbayan lamang. Sa agrikultura, makapagtatayo na tayo ng mga grains terminals, refrigeration facilities, maayos na road networks at post-harvest facilities.” If this will be granted and totally be real, this would be a very big help and pleasure to every concerned Filipino who seek for transformation.
With regards to his SONA, lots of reactions have been flowing to the internet, television, newspaper and any other forms of widespread media. Many people liked it for his encouraging and impressive address that he apprised. But there are people who don’t impressed for a half of his SONA is criticisms of the previous administration.
But as we all knew, in a bad part, some politicians are always making promises and will never ever be made. And we, who are just an ordinary man always meant to be disappointed for what they’ve done.
In my case, I do say that we still have the chance to cooperate the new administration in our simple way of helping, for we who let Aquino be the leader in our nation, let us just support, guide and pray for him to bring us to our dreams and ambitions.
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Manuel Avenido Jr. TIME: 8:30- 10:00 (TTH)
SONA OF THE PRESIDENT
AIMING FOR CHANGES
A critical essay on Pres. Aquino’s SONA
In every step that we encounter, our target is always to have an improvement in our life. Not only for ourselves, but for others’ sake also. Not only for our family or to our needs but for others too.
Seldom we can say, what about the beautiful, impressive and progressive other countries? We definitely want it and it is also our ambition that one day it would be the Philippines to be one of that rapturous countries. In fact, we are wondering why they can do it while we, are just stocked and trapped to one step, we cannot even reach the next simple step. That’s why we, as Filipinos are merged to help each other in committing a progressive life. When changes came first to us, there is also a need of assistance to totally grab the opportunity. Generally, in every country, we have this, what we call “President” to be the instrument for improvement and success.
As the Philippines faced a new image of administration, we Filipinos are still hoping and finding for a food to cure our hunger in terms of changes.
The first State of the Nation Address of the newly- elected president, Benigno Simeon Cojuanco Aquino III or recently known as P-Noy, was the mouth of every populace. It was becoming to be controversial.
As my research goes on, upon reading the whole- page of the address, from the topmost to lower part, I found out that there were many promises stated according to P-Noy. One of those is as he says, “Sa administrasyon po natin, walang kota-kota, walang tongpats, ang pera ng taumbayan ay gagastusin para sa taumbayan lamang. Sa agrikultura, makapagtatayo na tayo ng mga grains terminals, refrigeration facilities, maayos na road networks at post-harvest facilities.” If this will be granted and totally be real, this would be a very big help and pleasure to every concerned Filipino who seek for transformation.
With regards to his SONA, lots of reactions have been flowing to the internet, television, newspaper and any other forms of widespread media. Many people liked it for his encouraging and impressive address that he apprised. But there are people who don’t impressed for a half of his SONA is criticisms of the previous administration.
But as we all knew, in a bad part, some politicians are always making promises and will never ever be made. And we, who are just an ordinary man always meant to be disappointed for what they’ve done.
In my case, I do say that we still have the chance to cooperate the new administration in our simple way of helping, for we who let Aquino be the leader in our nation, let us just support, guide and pray for him to bring us to our dreams and ambitions.
Theories of Communication
Theories of Communication
Authoritarian Theory
According to this theory, mass media, though not under the direct control of the State, had to follow its bidding. Under an Authoritarian approach in Western Europe, freedom of thought was jealously guarded by a few people (ruling classes), who were concerned with the emergence of a new middle class and were worried about the effects of printed matter on their thought process. Steps were taken to control the freedom of expression. The result was advocacy of complete dictatorship. The theory promoted zealous obedience to a hierarchical superior and reliance on threat and punishment to those who did not follow the censorship rules or did not respect authority. Censorship of the press was justified on the ground that the State always took precedence over the individual's right to freedom of expression.
This theory stemmed from the authoritarian philosophy of Plato (407 - 327 B.C), who thought that the State was safe only in the hands of a few wise men. Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679), a British academician, argued that the power to maintain order was sovereign and individual objections were to be ignored. Engel, a German thinker further reinforced the theory by stating that freedom came into its supreme right only under Authoritarianism.
The world has been witness to authoritarian means of control over media by both dictatorial and democratic governments.
Libertarianism or Free Press Theory
This movement is based on the right of an individual, and advocates absence of restraint. The basis of this theory dates back to 17th century England when the printing press made it possible to print several copies of a book or pamphlet at cheap rates. The State was thought of as a major source of interference on the rights of an individual and his property. Libertarians regarded taxation as institutional theft. Popular will (vox populi) was granted precedence over the power of State.
Advocates of this theory were Lao Tzu, an early 16th century philosopher, John Locke of Great Britain in the17th century, John Milton, the epic poet ("Aeropagitica") and John Stuart Mill, an essayist ("On Liberty"). Milton in Aeropagitica in 1644, referred to a self righting process if free expression is permitted "let truth and falsehood grapple." In 1789, the French, in their Declaration Of The Rights Of Man, wrote "Every citizen may speak, write and publish freely." Out of such doctrines came the idea of a "free marketplace of ideas." George Orwell defined libertarianism as "allowing people to say things you do not want to hear". Libertarians argued that the press should be seen as the Fourth Estate reflecting public opinion.
What the theory offers, in sum, is power without social responsibility.
Social Responsibility Theory
Virulent critics of the Free Press Theory were Wilbur Schramm, Siebert and Theodore Paterson. In their book Four Theories Of Press, they stated "pure libertarianism is antiquated, outdated and obsolete." They advocated the need for its replacement by the Social Responsibility theory. This theory can be said to have been initiated in the United States by the Commission of The Freedom Of Press, 1949. The commission found that the free market approach to press freedom had only increased the power of a single class and has not served the interests of the less well-off classes. The emergence of radio, TV and film suggested the need for some means of accountability. Thus the theory advocated some obligation on the part of the media to society. A judicial mix of self regulation and state regulation and high professional standards were imperative.
Social Responsibility theory thus became the modern variation in which the duty to one"s conscience was the primary basis of the right of free expression.
Development Communication Theory
The underlying fact behind the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without communication. Under the four classical theories, capitalism was legitimized, but under the Development communication theory, or Development Support Communication as it is otherwise called, the media undertook the role of carrying out positive developmental programmes, accepting restrictions and instructions from the State. The media subordinated themselves to political, economic, social and cultural needs. Hence the stress on "development communication" and "development journalism". There was tacit support from the UNESCO for this theory. The weakness of this theory is that "development" is often equated with government propaganda.
Democratization/Democratic Participant Media Theory
This theory vehemently opposes the commercialization of modern media and its top-down non-participant character. The need for access and right to communicate is stressed. Bureaucratic control of media is decried.
SOURCE:
www.google.com
Authoritarian Theory
According to this theory, mass media, though not under the direct control of the State, had to follow its bidding. Under an Authoritarian approach in Western Europe, freedom of thought was jealously guarded by a few people (ruling classes), who were concerned with the emergence of a new middle class and were worried about the effects of printed matter on their thought process. Steps were taken to control the freedom of expression. The result was advocacy of complete dictatorship. The theory promoted zealous obedience to a hierarchical superior and reliance on threat and punishment to those who did not follow the censorship rules or did not respect authority. Censorship of the press was justified on the ground that the State always took precedence over the individual's right to freedom of expression.
This theory stemmed from the authoritarian philosophy of Plato (407 - 327 B.C), who thought that the State was safe only in the hands of a few wise men. Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679), a British academician, argued that the power to maintain order was sovereign and individual objections were to be ignored. Engel, a German thinker further reinforced the theory by stating that freedom came into its supreme right only under Authoritarianism.
The world has been witness to authoritarian means of control over media by both dictatorial and democratic governments.
Libertarianism or Free Press Theory
This movement is based on the right of an individual, and advocates absence of restraint. The basis of this theory dates back to 17th century England when the printing press made it possible to print several copies of a book or pamphlet at cheap rates. The State was thought of as a major source of interference on the rights of an individual and his property. Libertarians regarded taxation as institutional theft. Popular will (vox populi) was granted precedence over the power of State.
Advocates of this theory were Lao Tzu, an early 16th century philosopher, John Locke of Great Britain in the17th century, John Milton, the epic poet ("Aeropagitica") and John Stuart Mill, an essayist ("On Liberty"). Milton in Aeropagitica in 1644, referred to a self righting process if free expression is permitted "let truth and falsehood grapple." In 1789, the French, in their Declaration Of The Rights Of Man, wrote "Every citizen may speak, write and publish freely." Out of such doctrines came the idea of a "free marketplace of ideas." George Orwell defined libertarianism as "allowing people to say things you do not want to hear". Libertarians argued that the press should be seen as the Fourth Estate reflecting public opinion.
What the theory offers, in sum, is power without social responsibility.
Social Responsibility Theory
Virulent critics of the Free Press Theory were Wilbur Schramm, Siebert and Theodore Paterson. In their book Four Theories Of Press, they stated "pure libertarianism is antiquated, outdated and obsolete." They advocated the need for its replacement by the Social Responsibility theory. This theory can be said to have been initiated in the United States by the Commission of The Freedom Of Press, 1949. The commission found that the free market approach to press freedom had only increased the power of a single class and has not served the interests of the less well-off classes. The emergence of radio, TV and film suggested the need for some means of accountability. Thus the theory advocated some obligation on the part of the media to society. A judicial mix of self regulation and state regulation and high professional standards were imperative.
Social Responsibility theory thus became the modern variation in which the duty to one"s conscience was the primary basis of the right of free expression.
Development Communication Theory
The underlying fact behind the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without communication. Under the four classical theories, capitalism was legitimized, but under the Development communication theory, or Development Support Communication as it is otherwise called, the media undertook the role of carrying out positive developmental programmes, accepting restrictions and instructions from the State. The media subordinated themselves to political, economic, social and cultural needs. Hence the stress on "development communication" and "development journalism". There was tacit support from the UNESCO for this theory. The weakness of this theory is that "development" is often equated with government propaganda.
Democratization/Democratic Participant Media Theory
This theory vehemently opposes the commercialization of modern media and its top-down non-participant character. The need for access and right to communicate is stressed. Bureaucratic control of media is decried.
SOURCE:
www.google.com
Yakee Herbal Products Company
Yakee Herbal Products Company
Sitio Lutaw- lutaw, Sto. Niño Cebu City
August 20, 2010
Ms. Cherryvier Y. Flores
Chief Executive Officer
Villa Florencia Beach Resort & Spa
116 Talaga, Argao Cebu
Dear Madam:
Greetings!
The Yakee Herbal Products Company is providing the best beauty products to where your customers or visitors shouldn’t want to miss. We have beauty soaps, shampoos and lotions where they can use while enjoying and relaxing in your humble beach resort and spa.
If you are interesting, we will give you 50% discount. Just please contact us at 262-2781 or just visit our website at www.yakee.com.
Thank you and more power.
Respectfully yours,
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
YAKEE HERBAL PRODUCTS COMPANY
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Sitio Lutaw- lutaw, Sto. Niño Cebu City
August 20, 2010
Ms. Cherryvier Y. Flores
Chief Executive Officer
Villa Florencia Beach Resort & Spa
116 Talaga, Argao Cebu
Dear Madam:
Greetings!
The Yakee Herbal Products Company is providing the best beauty products to where your customers or visitors shouldn’t want to miss. We have beauty soaps, shampoos and lotions where they can use while enjoying and relaxing in your humble beach resort and spa.
If you are interesting, we will give you 50% discount. Just please contact us at 262-2781 or just visit our website at www.yakee.com.
Thank you and more power.
Respectfully yours,
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
YAKEE HERBAL PRODUCTS COMPANY
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
March 16, 2011
DR. EDWIN A. PILAPIL
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to carry out this activity on March 22, 2011. The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC).
Furthermore, we would like to ask permission to pull out evening students from the College of Arts and Sciences to witness this said event.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY D. GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman
Approved by:
EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
Dean, CAS
March 16, 2011
DR. PONCIANO C. BONTIA
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC). In line with this we would like to ask permission from your good office to use the aforementioned venue on March 22, 2011 and we would like to use also the sound system and lights on that same day for the same purpose.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D. EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman Dean, CAS
Approved by:
PONCIANO C. BONTIA, Ed. D.
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
CC:
ORLANDO J. PADAL
Sound System
DR. EDWIN A. PILAPIL
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to carry out this activity on March 22, 2011. The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC).
Furthermore, we would like to ask permission to pull out evening students from the College of Arts and Sciences to witness this said event.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY D. GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman
Approved by:
EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
Dean, CAS
March 16, 2011
DR. PONCIANO C. BONTIA
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC). In line with this we would like to ask permission from your good office to use the aforementioned venue on March 22, 2011 and we would like to use also the sound system and lights on that same day for the same purpose.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D. EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman Dean, CAS
Approved by:
PONCIANO C. BONTIA, Ed. D.
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
CC:
ORLANDO J. PADAL
Sound System
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)