ETHICS AND TELEVISION
Television ethics are derived from early professional codes of broadcasting that began in the late 1920s and are grounded in problems and issues identified in early radio. For television these ethical systems came into their own and grew rapidly, in conjunction with the development of the new medium, during the 1960s. But they now no longer exist as they once did.
Like radio for a previous generation, television had the ability to penetrate the private home and its potential obtrusiveness was the subject of concern. It was, after all, a "guest" in the home and in that capacity it was able to serve the public interest--informing, instructing and enlightening. It also had the ability, recognized early on, for serving private interests driven by the desire for economic gain. The keen awareness of potential confrontation between service on the one hand, and the desire for laissez faire operation on the other, led to another set of possible conflicts--between self regulation and regulation by government. The broadcasting industry placed its faith and its interests in self regulation.
The industry created its own Code of Broadcasting which consisted of eight "rules." Four had to do with advertising and concern over "overcommercialization." The other rules dealt with general operations and responsible programming: no "fraudulent, deceptive or obscene" material. Many of these same ideas and even the language appeared again in the Television Code established in the early 1950s.
Early on, a vexing problem for the Code, a potential problem in any ethical system, surfaced. It was the issue of penalty. As in any enforcement of self-regulated ethics, there was little room for harsh sanctions. The only penalty called for violators to be investigated and notified. Later the penalty was strengthened by adding notification among the broadcast community--the threat of ostracism among colleagues. When television came on the scene, radio had recently experienced rapid growth in its commercialization. And with that growth came continuing threats of further, more far reaching regulation from the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Trade Commission. In an effort to keep the government regulators at bay, the broadcasters' "Code of Good Practice" became more definitive. One of the main elements focused on regulation of the amount of time that should be devoted to commercials.
The evolution of the Code can be seen by examining the use of commercial time in the 1930s. While there could be some advertising (of a good-will nature) before 6:00 P.M., "Commercial announcements, as the term is generally understood, should not be broadcast between 7 and 11 p.m." That restriction then evolved to allow increased broadcasting of commercial messages, to 5 minutes, then 10, then 18 by 1970. When television assumed a dominant place in broadcasting, beginning in the early 1950s, the rules affecting commercial time evolved the same way, increasing the allowed time slowly over the years.
Although the National Association of Broadcasters (NAB) created a separate set of ethical guidelines for television, distinct from radio, the existing concerns were applied to the newer medium: time limits of advertising, types of products advertised, fraud, especially in advertising, and special sensitivity to programming and advertising directed to children. Other program themes, obviously taboo in their times, such as sexual suggestiveness and explicit violence, were also addressed.
At the same time each network installed its own staff for Network Standards and Practices (S and P), to enforce their particular policies for advertising and programming. These were the offices and individuals often thought of as "network censors." Large corporations also created statements of policies concerning their professional ethics as related to broadcasting.
These network and company rules of self regulation were supplementary to the NAB's continuation of its two nationally visible codes, one for radio, one for television. But each of these was becoming unwieldy. A dozen or so pages of the Television Code of Good Practice contained a long list of programming prohibitions: hypnotism, occultism, and astrology, as well as obscene, profane or indecent material, and programs that ridiculed those with disabilities.
Still, the NAB Codes remained an important public relations device for the industry. At the apex of its use, NAB President Vince Wasilewski stated, "Our Codes are not peripheral activities. No activity of NAB is closer to the public."
As social mores changed and social and cultural climates became more permissive, so too did television programming. By the late 1970s and early 1980s, the Code seemed hopelessly outdated, continually violated, unenforceable and generally ignored by the broadcasters.
In 1982, when advertisers were lined up for a limited amount of available time on the television networks, it appeared that the networks gave favor for its best time slots to the largest advertisers. Displeased, one of the smaller advertisers pointed out this practice to the Justice Department, claiming unfair competitive practices, a violation of anti-trust laws. The Justice Department took action against the National Association of Broadcasters, because, it said, the NAB Code, limiting the amount of available commercial time, was responsible for the network practice. The court agreed, and ordered the NAB to purge that part of the Code. After some initial hesitancy, the NAB agreed.
For eight years, from 1982 to 1990, both radio and television had no code of professional ethics. During that period, research showed that although the networks and some large corporate broadcasters had their own codes, or standards and practices, there still seemed to be no universal guidance. One study, based on a national sample of broadcast managers, suggested that broadcasters preferred self regulation rather than government regulation. It also suggested some concern that without such self regulation, government regulation might increase.
In 1990, the NAB issued a new "Statement of Principles of Radio and Television Broadcasting," designed as a brief, general document intended to reflect the generally accepted standards of American's broadcasting. The Statement encouraged broadcasters to individually write their own specific policies. It also encouraged responsible and careful judgment in the selection of material for broadcast rather than forming a list of prohibition as was the case with the old Code. Caution was advised in dealing with violence, drugs and substance abuse, and with sexually oriented materials, but there was also positive encouragement for responsible artistic freedom and responsibility in children's programming. The Statement made it clear that these principles are advisory, rather than restrictive. Finally, the 1990 Statement mentioned First Amendment rights and encouraged broadcasters to align themselves with the audiences' expectations and the public interest.
The new philosophy concerning ethics in broadcasting reveals that:
• they are advisory rather than prohibitive;
• they should be centered in individual stations or corporations, rather than a national organization like NAB;
• since there is no provision for monitoring and enforcement on the national level, any concerns about ethics should come from individual stations and listeners/viewers;
• the decentralization of ethics may be indicative of a pluralistic society, where values and mores reflect distinct group perspectives, rather than a national standard.
Some observers bemoan the fact that there is no nationally visible standard--no way of measuring whether the language of a daring new television program is actually on the "cutting edge," or merely "bravado bunk." Yet, since the broadcast industry itself has been largely deregulated, the question remains whether this means there is now room for more self regulation, or whether self regulation itself should also be deregulated.
Journalist’s Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Formulated by Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club
1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognise the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’ when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
Saturday, March 26, 2011
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
ORBISO, CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. BS DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION 2- A
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
(Philippines Media Ethics)
Principle I:
PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO TRUE INFORMATION
People and individuals have the right to acquire an objective picture of reality by means of accurate and comprehensive information as well as to express themselves freely through the various media of culture and communication.
Principle II:
THE JOURNALIST’S DEDICATION TO OBJECTIVE REALITY
The foremost task of the journalist is to serve the people’s right to true and authentic information through an honest dedication to objective reality whereby facts are reported conscientiously in their proper context, pointing out their essential connections and without causing distortions, with due deployment of the creative capacity of the journalist, so that the public is provided with adequate material to facilitate the formation of an accurate and comprehensive picture of the world in which the origin, nature and essence of events, processes and states of affairs are understood as objectively as possible.
Principle III:
THE JOURNALIST’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Information in journalism is understood as social good and not as a commodity, which means that the journalist shares responsibility for the information transmitted and is thus accountable not only to those controlling the media but ultimately to the public at large, including various social interests. The journalist’s social responsibility requires that he or she will act under all circumstances in conformity with a personal ethical consciousness.
Principle IV:
THE JOURNALIST’S PERSONAL INTEGRITY
The social role of the journalist demands that the profession maintains high standards of integrity, including the journalist’s right to refrain from working against his or her conviction or from disclosing sources of information as well as the right to participate in the decision-making of the medium in which he or she is employed. The integrity of the profession does not permit the journalist to accept any form of bribe or the promotion of any private interest contrary to the general welfare. Likewise, it belongs to professional ethics to respect intellectual property and, in particular, to refrain from plagiarism.
Principle V:
PUBLIC ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
The nature of the profession demands that the journalist promote access by the public to information and participation of the public in the media, including the right to correction or rectification and the right to reply.
Principle VI:
RESPECT FOR PRIVACY AND HUMAN DIGNITY
An integral part of the professional standards of the journalist is respect for the right of the individual to privacy and human dignity, in conformity with provisions of international and national law concerning protection of the rights and the reputation of others, prohibiting libel, calumny, slander and defamation.
Principle VII:
RESPECT FOR PUBLIC INTEREST
The professional standards of the journalist prescribe due respect for the national community, its democratic institutions and public morals.
Principle VIII:
RESPECT FOR UNIVERSAL VALUES AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURES
A true journalist stands fro the universal values of humanism, above all peace, democracy, human rights, social progress and national liberation, while respecting the distinctive character, value and dignity of each culture, as well as the right of each people freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural system. Thus the journalist participates actively in the social transformation towards democratic betterment of society and contributes through dialogue to a climate of confidence in international relations conducive to peace and justice everywhere, to détente, disarmament and national development. It belongs to the ethics of the profession that the journalist be aware of relevant provisions contained in international conventions, declarations and resolutions.
Principle IX:
ELIMINATION OF WAR AND OTHER GREAT EVILS CONFRONTING HUMANITY
The ethical commitment to the universal values of humanism calls for the journalist to abstain from any justification of, or incitement to, wars of aggression and the arms race, specially in nuclear weapons, and all other forms of violence, hatred and discrimination, specially racialism and apartheid, oppression by tyrannical regimes, colonialism and neocolonialism, as well as other evils which afflict humanity, such as poverty, malnutrition and diseases. By doing so, the journalist can help eliminate ignorance and understanding among peoples, make nationals of a country sensitive to the needs and desires of others, ensure respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, all peoples and all individuals without distinction of race, sex, language, nationality, religion or philosophical conviction.
Principle X:
PROMOTION OF A NEW WORLD INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ORDER
The journalist operates in the contemporary world within the framework of a movement towards new international relations in general and a new international information order in particular. This new order, understood as an integral part of the New International Economic Order, is aimed at decolonization and democratization of the field of information and communication, both nationally and internationally, on the basis of peaceful coexistence among peoples and with full respect for their cultural identity. The journalist has a special obligation to promote the process of democratization of international relations in the field of information, in particular by safeguarding and fostering peaceful and friendly relations among States and peoples.
Journalist’s Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Formulated by Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club
1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognise the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’ when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
SOURCES:
The book “Press Freedom: The People’s Right” by Ed Aurelio C. Reyes, pp. 161-165
www. google.com
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
(Philippines Media Ethics)
Principle I:
PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO TRUE INFORMATION
People and individuals have the right to acquire an objective picture of reality by means of accurate and comprehensive information as well as to express themselves freely through the various media of culture and communication.
Principle II:
THE JOURNALIST’S DEDICATION TO OBJECTIVE REALITY
The foremost task of the journalist is to serve the people’s right to true and authentic information through an honest dedication to objective reality whereby facts are reported conscientiously in their proper context, pointing out their essential connections and without causing distortions, with due deployment of the creative capacity of the journalist, so that the public is provided with adequate material to facilitate the formation of an accurate and comprehensive picture of the world in which the origin, nature and essence of events, processes and states of affairs are understood as objectively as possible.
Principle III:
THE JOURNALIST’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Information in journalism is understood as social good and not as a commodity, which means that the journalist shares responsibility for the information transmitted and is thus accountable not only to those controlling the media but ultimately to the public at large, including various social interests. The journalist’s social responsibility requires that he or she will act under all circumstances in conformity with a personal ethical consciousness.
Principle IV:
THE JOURNALIST’S PERSONAL INTEGRITY
The social role of the journalist demands that the profession maintains high standards of integrity, including the journalist’s right to refrain from working against his or her conviction or from disclosing sources of information as well as the right to participate in the decision-making of the medium in which he or she is employed. The integrity of the profession does not permit the journalist to accept any form of bribe or the promotion of any private interest contrary to the general welfare. Likewise, it belongs to professional ethics to respect intellectual property and, in particular, to refrain from plagiarism.
Principle V:
PUBLIC ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
The nature of the profession demands that the journalist promote access by the public to information and participation of the public in the media, including the right to correction or rectification and the right to reply.
Principle VI:
RESPECT FOR PRIVACY AND HUMAN DIGNITY
An integral part of the professional standards of the journalist is respect for the right of the individual to privacy and human dignity, in conformity with provisions of international and national law concerning protection of the rights and the reputation of others, prohibiting libel, calumny, slander and defamation.
Principle VII:
RESPECT FOR PUBLIC INTEREST
The professional standards of the journalist prescribe due respect for the national community, its democratic institutions and public morals.
Principle VIII:
RESPECT FOR UNIVERSAL VALUES AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURES
A true journalist stands fro the universal values of humanism, above all peace, democracy, human rights, social progress and national liberation, while respecting the distinctive character, value and dignity of each culture, as well as the right of each people freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural system. Thus the journalist participates actively in the social transformation towards democratic betterment of society and contributes through dialogue to a climate of confidence in international relations conducive to peace and justice everywhere, to détente, disarmament and national development. It belongs to the ethics of the profession that the journalist be aware of relevant provisions contained in international conventions, declarations and resolutions.
Principle IX:
ELIMINATION OF WAR AND OTHER GREAT EVILS CONFRONTING HUMANITY
The ethical commitment to the universal values of humanism calls for the journalist to abstain from any justification of, or incitement to, wars of aggression and the arms race, specially in nuclear weapons, and all other forms of violence, hatred and discrimination, specially racialism and apartheid, oppression by tyrannical regimes, colonialism and neocolonialism, as well as other evils which afflict humanity, such as poverty, malnutrition and diseases. By doing so, the journalist can help eliminate ignorance and understanding among peoples, make nationals of a country sensitive to the needs and desires of others, ensure respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, all peoples and all individuals without distinction of race, sex, language, nationality, religion or philosophical conviction.
Principle X:
PROMOTION OF A NEW WORLD INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ORDER
The journalist operates in the contemporary world within the framework of a movement towards new international relations in general and a new international information order in particular. This new order, understood as an integral part of the New International Economic Order, is aimed at decolonization and democratization of the field of information and communication, both nationally and internationally, on the basis of peaceful coexistence among peoples and with full respect for their cultural identity. The journalist has a special obligation to promote the process of democratization of international relations in the field of information, in particular by safeguarding and fostering peaceful and friendly relations among States and peoples.
Journalist’s Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Formulated by Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club
1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognise the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’ when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
SOURCES:
The book “Press Freedom: The People’s Right” by Ed Aurelio C. Reyes, pp. 161-165
www. google.com
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
ORBISO, CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. BS DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION 2- A
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
(Philippines Media Ethics)
Principle I:
PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO TRUE INFORMATION
People and individuals have the right to acquire an objective picture of reality by means of accurate and comprehensive information as well as to express themselves freely through the various media of culture and communication.
Principle II:
THE JOURNALIST’S DEDICATION TO OBJECTIVE REALITY
The foremost task of the journalist is to serve the people’s right to true and authentic information through an honest dedication to objective reality whereby facts are reported conscientiously in their proper context, pointing out their essential connections and without causing distortions, with due deployment of the creative capacity of the journalist, so that the public is provided with adequate material to facilitate the formation of an accurate and comprehensive picture of the world in which the origin, nature and essence of events, processes and states of affairs are understood as objectively as possible.
Principle III:
THE JOURNALIST’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Information in journalism is understood as social good and not as a commodity, which means that the journalist shares responsibility for the information transmitted and is thus accountable not only to those controlling the media but ultimately to the public at large, including various social interests. The journalist’s social responsibility requires that he or she will act under all circumstances in conformity with a personal ethical consciousness.
Principle IV:
THE JOURNALIST’S PERSONAL INTEGRITY
The social role of the journalist demands that the profession maintains high standards of integrity, including the journalist’s right to refrain from working against his or her conviction or from disclosing sources of information as well as the right to participate in the decision-making of the medium in which he or she is employed. The integrity of the profession does not permit the journalist to accept any form of bribe or the promotion of any private interest contrary to the general welfare. Likewise, it belongs to professional ethics to respect intellectual property and, in particular, to refrain from plagiarism.
Principle V:
PUBLIC ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
The nature of the profession demands that the journalist promote access by the public to information and participation of the public in the media, including the right to correction or rectification and the right to reply.
Principle VI:
RESPECT FOR PRIVACY AND HUMAN DIGNITY
An integral part of the professional standards of the journalist is respect for the right of the individual to privacy and human dignity, in conformity with provisions of international and national law concerning protection of the rights and the reputation of others, prohibiting libel, calumny, slander and defamation.
Principle VII:
RESPECT FOR PUBLIC INTEREST
The professional standards of the journalist prescribe due respect for the national community, its democratic institutions and public morals.
Principle VIII:
RESPECT FOR UNIVERSAL VALUES AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURES
A true journalist stands fro the universal values of humanism, above all peace, democracy, human rights, social progress and national liberation, while respecting the distinctive character, value and dignity of each culture, as well as the right of each people freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural system. Thus the journalist participates actively in the social transformation towards democratic betterment of society and contributes through dialogue to a climate of confidence in international relations conducive to peace and justice everywhere, to détente, disarmament and national development. It belongs to the ethics of the profession that the journalist be aware of relevant provisions contained in international conventions, declarations and resolutions.
Principle IX:
ELIMINATION OF WAR AND OTHER GREAT EVILS CONFRONTING HUMANITY
The ethical commitment to the universal values of humanism calls for the journalist to abstain from any justification of, or incitement to, wars of aggression and the arms race, specially in nuclear weapons, and all other forms of violence, hatred and discrimination, specially racialism and apartheid, oppression by tyrannical regimes, colonialism and neocolonialism, as well as other evils which afflict humanity, such as poverty, malnutrition and diseases. By doing so, the journalist can help eliminate ignorance and understanding among peoples, make nationals of a country sensitive to the needs and desires of others, ensure respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, all peoples and all individuals without distinction of race, sex, language, nationality, religion or philosophical conviction.
Principle X:
PROMOTION OF A NEW WORLD INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ORDER
The journalist operates in the contemporary world within the framework of a movement towards new international relations in general and a new international information order in particular. This new order, understood as an integral part of the New International Economic Order, is aimed at decolonization and democratization of the field of information and communication, both nationally and internationally, on the basis of peaceful coexistence among peoples and with full respect for their cultural identity. The journalist has a special obligation to promote the process of democratization of international relations in the field of information, in particular by safeguarding and fostering peaceful and friendly relations among States and peoples.
Journalist’s Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Formulated by Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club
1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognise the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’ when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
SOURCES:
The book “Press Freedom: The People’s Right” by Ed Aurelio C. Reyes, pp. 161-165
www. google.com
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
(Philippines Media Ethics)
Principle I:
PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO TRUE INFORMATION
People and individuals have the right to acquire an objective picture of reality by means of accurate and comprehensive information as well as to express themselves freely through the various media of culture and communication.
Principle II:
THE JOURNALIST’S DEDICATION TO OBJECTIVE REALITY
The foremost task of the journalist is to serve the people’s right to true and authentic information through an honest dedication to objective reality whereby facts are reported conscientiously in their proper context, pointing out their essential connections and without causing distortions, with due deployment of the creative capacity of the journalist, so that the public is provided with adequate material to facilitate the formation of an accurate and comprehensive picture of the world in which the origin, nature and essence of events, processes and states of affairs are understood as objectively as possible.
Principle III:
THE JOURNALIST’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Information in journalism is understood as social good and not as a commodity, which means that the journalist shares responsibility for the information transmitted and is thus accountable not only to those controlling the media but ultimately to the public at large, including various social interests. The journalist’s social responsibility requires that he or she will act under all circumstances in conformity with a personal ethical consciousness.
Principle IV:
THE JOURNALIST’S PERSONAL INTEGRITY
The social role of the journalist demands that the profession maintains high standards of integrity, including the journalist’s right to refrain from working against his or her conviction or from disclosing sources of information as well as the right to participate in the decision-making of the medium in which he or she is employed. The integrity of the profession does not permit the journalist to accept any form of bribe or the promotion of any private interest contrary to the general welfare. Likewise, it belongs to professional ethics to respect intellectual property and, in particular, to refrain from plagiarism.
Principle V:
PUBLIC ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
The nature of the profession demands that the journalist promote access by the public to information and participation of the public in the media, including the right to correction or rectification and the right to reply.
Principle VI:
RESPECT FOR PRIVACY AND HUMAN DIGNITY
An integral part of the professional standards of the journalist is respect for the right of the individual to privacy and human dignity, in conformity with provisions of international and national law concerning protection of the rights and the reputation of others, prohibiting libel, calumny, slander and defamation.
Principle VII:
RESPECT FOR PUBLIC INTEREST
The professional standards of the journalist prescribe due respect for the national community, its democratic institutions and public morals.
Principle VIII:
RESPECT FOR UNIVERSAL VALUES AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURES
A true journalist stands fro the universal values of humanism, above all peace, democracy, human rights, social progress and national liberation, while respecting the distinctive character, value and dignity of each culture, as well as the right of each people freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural system. Thus the journalist participates actively in the social transformation towards democratic betterment of society and contributes through dialogue to a climate of confidence in international relations conducive to peace and justice everywhere, to détente, disarmament and national development. It belongs to the ethics of the profession that the journalist be aware of relevant provisions contained in international conventions, declarations and resolutions.
Principle IX:
ELIMINATION OF WAR AND OTHER GREAT EVILS CONFRONTING HUMANITY
The ethical commitment to the universal values of humanism calls for the journalist to abstain from any justification of, or incitement to, wars of aggression and the arms race, specially in nuclear weapons, and all other forms of violence, hatred and discrimination, specially racialism and apartheid, oppression by tyrannical regimes, colonialism and neocolonialism, as well as other evils which afflict humanity, such as poverty, malnutrition and diseases. By doing so, the journalist can help eliminate ignorance and understanding among peoples, make nationals of a country sensitive to the needs and desires of others, ensure respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, all peoples and all individuals without distinction of race, sex, language, nationality, religion or philosophical conviction.
Principle X:
PROMOTION OF A NEW WORLD INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ORDER
The journalist operates in the contemporary world within the framework of a movement towards new international relations in general and a new international information order in particular. This new order, understood as an integral part of the New International Economic Order, is aimed at decolonization and democratization of the field of information and communication, both nationally and internationally, on the basis of peaceful coexistence among peoples and with full respect for their cultural identity. The journalist has a special obligation to promote the process of democratization of international relations in the field of information, in particular by safeguarding and fostering peaceful and friendly relations among States and peoples.
Journalist’s Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Formulated by Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club
1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognise the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’ when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
SOURCES:
The book “Press Freedom: The People’s Right” by Ed Aurelio C. Reyes, pp. 161-165
www. google.com
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
ORBISO, CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. BS DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION 2- A
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
(Philippines Media Ethics)
Principle I:
PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO TRUE INFORMATION
People and individuals have the right to acquire an objective picture of reality by means of accurate and comprehensive information as well as to express themselves freely through the various media of culture and communication.
Principle II:
THE JOURNALIST’S DEDICATION TO OBJECTIVE REALITY
The foremost task of the journalist is to serve the people’s right to true and authentic information through an honest dedication to objective reality whereby facts are reported conscientiously in their proper context, pointing out their essential connections and without causing distortions, with due deployment of the creative capacity of the journalist, so that the public is provided with adequate material to facilitate the formation of an accurate and comprehensive picture of the world in which the origin, nature and essence of events, processes and states of affairs are understood as objectively as possible.
Principle III:
THE JOURNALIST’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Information in journalism is understood as social good and not as a commodity, which means that the journalist shares responsibility for the information transmitted and is thus accountable not only to those controlling the media but ultimately to the public at large, including various social interests. The journalist’s social responsibility requires that he or she will act under all circumstances in conformity with a personal ethical consciousness.
Principle IV:
THE JOURNALIST’S PERSONAL INTEGRITY
The social role of the journalist demands that the profession maintains high standards of integrity, including the journalist’s right to refrain from working against his or her conviction or from disclosing sources of information as well as the right to participate in the decision-making of the medium in which he or she is employed. The integrity of the profession does not permit the journalist to accept any form of bribe or the promotion of any private interest contrary to the general welfare. Likewise, it belongs to professional ethics to respect intellectual property and, in particular, to refrain from plagiarism.
Principle V:
PUBLIC ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
The nature of the profession demands that the journalist promote access by the public to information and participation of the public in the media, including the right to correction or rectification and the right to reply.
Principle VI:
RESPECT FOR PRIVACY AND HUMAN DIGNITY
An integral part of the professional standards of the journalist is respect for the right of the individual to privacy and human dignity, in conformity with provisions of international and national law concerning protection of the rights and the reputation of others, prohibiting libel, calumny, slander and defamation.
Principle VII:
RESPECT FOR PUBLIC INTEREST
The professional standards of the journalist prescribe due respect for the national community, its democratic institutions and public morals.
Principle VIII:
RESPECT FOR UNIVERSAL VALUES AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURES
A true journalist stands fro the universal values of humanism, above all peace, democracy, human rights, social progress and national liberation, while respecting the distinctive character, value and dignity of each culture, as well as the right of each people freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural system. Thus the journalist participates actively in the social transformation towards democratic betterment of society and contributes through dialogue to a climate of confidence in international relations conducive to peace and justice everywhere, to détente, disarmament and national development. It belongs to the ethics of the profession that the journalist be aware of relevant provisions contained in international conventions, declarations and resolutions.
Principle IX:
ELIMINATION OF WAR AND OTHER GREAT EVILS CONFRONTING HUMANITY
The ethical commitment to the universal values of humanism calls for the journalist to abstain from any justification of, or incitement to, wars of aggression and the arms race, specially in nuclear weapons, and all other forms of violence, hatred and discrimination, specially racialism and apartheid, oppression by tyrannical regimes, colonialism and neocolonialism, as well as other evils which afflict humanity, such as poverty, malnutrition and diseases. By doing so, the journalist can help eliminate ignorance and understanding among peoples, make nationals of a country sensitive to the needs and desires of others, ensure respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, all peoples and all individuals without distinction of race, sex, language, nationality, religion or philosophical conviction.
Principle X:
PROMOTION OF A NEW WORLD INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ORDER
The journalist operates in the contemporary world within the framework of a movement towards new international relations in general and a new international information order in particular. This new order, understood as an integral part of the New International Economic Order, is aimed at decolonization and democratization of the field of information and communication, both nationally and internationally, on the basis of peaceful coexistence among peoples and with full respect for their cultural identity. The journalist has a special obligation to promote the process of democratization of international relations in the field of information, in particular by safeguarding and fostering peaceful and friendly relations among States and peoples.
Journalist’s Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Formulated by Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club
1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognise the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’ when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
SOURCES:
The book “Press Freedom: The People’s Right” by Ed Aurelio C. Reyes, pp. 161-165
www. google.com
INTERNATIONAL DECLARATION OF PRINCIPLES OF PROFESSIONAL ETHICS IN JOURNALISM
(Philippines Media Ethics)
Principle I:
PEOPLE’S RIGHT TO TRUE INFORMATION
People and individuals have the right to acquire an objective picture of reality by means of accurate and comprehensive information as well as to express themselves freely through the various media of culture and communication.
Principle II:
THE JOURNALIST’S DEDICATION TO OBJECTIVE REALITY
The foremost task of the journalist is to serve the people’s right to true and authentic information through an honest dedication to objective reality whereby facts are reported conscientiously in their proper context, pointing out their essential connections and without causing distortions, with due deployment of the creative capacity of the journalist, so that the public is provided with adequate material to facilitate the formation of an accurate and comprehensive picture of the world in which the origin, nature and essence of events, processes and states of affairs are understood as objectively as possible.
Principle III:
THE JOURNALIST’S SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY
Information in journalism is understood as social good and not as a commodity, which means that the journalist shares responsibility for the information transmitted and is thus accountable not only to those controlling the media but ultimately to the public at large, including various social interests. The journalist’s social responsibility requires that he or she will act under all circumstances in conformity with a personal ethical consciousness.
Principle IV:
THE JOURNALIST’S PERSONAL INTEGRITY
The social role of the journalist demands that the profession maintains high standards of integrity, including the journalist’s right to refrain from working against his or her conviction or from disclosing sources of information as well as the right to participate in the decision-making of the medium in which he or she is employed. The integrity of the profession does not permit the journalist to accept any form of bribe or the promotion of any private interest contrary to the general welfare. Likewise, it belongs to professional ethics to respect intellectual property and, in particular, to refrain from plagiarism.
Principle V:
PUBLIC ACCESS AND PARTICIPATION
The nature of the profession demands that the journalist promote access by the public to information and participation of the public in the media, including the right to correction or rectification and the right to reply.
Principle VI:
RESPECT FOR PRIVACY AND HUMAN DIGNITY
An integral part of the professional standards of the journalist is respect for the right of the individual to privacy and human dignity, in conformity with provisions of international and national law concerning protection of the rights and the reputation of others, prohibiting libel, calumny, slander and defamation.
Principle VII:
RESPECT FOR PUBLIC INTEREST
The professional standards of the journalist prescribe due respect for the national community, its democratic institutions and public morals.
Principle VIII:
RESPECT FOR UNIVERSAL VALUES AND DIVERSITY OF CULTURES
A true journalist stands fro the universal values of humanism, above all peace, democracy, human rights, social progress and national liberation, while respecting the distinctive character, value and dignity of each culture, as well as the right of each people freely to choose and develop its political, social, economic and cultural system. Thus the journalist participates actively in the social transformation towards democratic betterment of society and contributes through dialogue to a climate of confidence in international relations conducive to peace and justice everywhere, to détente, disarmament and national development. It belongs to the ethics of the profession that the journalist be aware of relevant provisions contained in international conventions, declarations and resolutions.
Principle IX:
ELIMINATION OF WAR AND OTHER GREAT EVILS CONFRONTING HUMANITY
The ethical commitment to the universal values of humanism calls for the journalist to abstain from any justification of, or incitement to, wars of aggression and the arms race, specially in nuclear weapons, and all other forms of violence, hatred and discrimination, specially racialism and apartheid, oppression by tyrannical regimes, colonialism and neocolonialism, as well as other evils which afflict humanity, such as poverty, malnutrition and diseases. By doing so, the journalist can help eliminate ignorance and understanding among peoples, make nationals of a country sensitive to the needs and desires of others, ensure respect for the rights and dignity of all nations, all peoples and all individuals without distinction of race, sex, language, nationality, religion or philosophical conviction.
Principle X:
PROMOTION OF A NEW WORLD INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION ORDER
The journalist operates in the contemporary world within the framework of a movement towards new international relations in general and a new international information order in particular. This new order, understood as an integral part of the New International Economic Order, is aimed at decolonization and democratization of the field of information and communication, both nationally and internationally, on the basis of peaceful coexistence among peoples and with full respect for their cultural identity. The journalist has a special obligation to promote the process of democratization of international relations in the field of information, in particular by safeguarding and fostering peaceful and friendly relations among States and peoples.
Journalist’s Code of Ethics (Philippines)
Formulated by Philippine Press Institute and National Press Club
1. I shall scrupulously report and interpret the news, taking care not to suppress essential facts or to distort the truth by omission or improper emphasis. I recognise the duty to air the other side and the duty to correct substantive errors promptly.
2. I shall not violate confidential information or material given me in the exercise of my calling.
3. I shall resort only to fair and honest methods in my effort to obtain news, photographs and/or documents, and shall properly identify myself as a representative of the press when obtaining any personal interview intended for publication.
4. I shall refrain from writing reports which will adversely affect a private reputation unless the public interest justifies it. At the same time, I shall fight vigorously for public access to information.
5. I shall not let personal motives or interests influence me in the performance of my duties; nor shall I accept or offer any present, gift or other consideration of a nature which may cast doubt on my professional integrity.
6. I shall not commit any act of plagiarism.
7. I shall not in any manner ridicule, cast aspersions on, or degrade any person by reason of sex, creed, religious belief, political conviction, cultural and ethnic origin.
8. I shall presume persons accused of crime of being innocent until proven otherwise. I shall exercise caution in publishing names of minors and women involved in criminal cases so that they may not unjustly lose their standing in society.
9. I shall not take unfair advantage of fellow journalists.
10. I shall accept only such tasks as are compatible with the integrity and dignity of my profession, invoking the ‘conscience clause’ when duties imposed on me conflict with the voice of my conscience.
11. I shall comport myself in public or while performing my duties as journalist in such manner as to maintain the dignity of my profession. When in doubt, decency should be my watch word.
SOURCES:
The book “Press Freedom: The People’s Right” by Ed Aurelio C. Reyes, pp. 161-165
www. google.com
THE STATION BY: ROBERT HASTINGS
Tucked away in our subconscious is an idyllic vision. We see ourselves on a long trip that spans the continent. We are traveling by train. Out the window we drink in the passing scene of cars on nearby highways, of children waving at a crossing, of cattle grazing on a distant hillside, of smoke pouring from a power plant, of row upon row of corn and wheat, of flatlands and valleys, of mountains and rolling hillsides, or city skylines and village halls.
But uppermost in our minds is the final destination. On a certain day at a certain hour we will pull into the station. Banks will be playing and flags waving. Once we get there so many wonderful dreams will come true and the pieces of our lives will fit together like a completed jigsaw puzzle. How restlessly we pace the aisles, damning the minutes for loitering – waiting, waiting, waiting for the station.
“When we reach the station, that will be it!”, we cry. “When I’m 18.” “When I buy a new SL Mercedes Benz!” “When I put the last kid through college.” “When I have paid off the mortgage!” “When I get a promotion.” “When I reach the age of retirement, I shall live happily ever after!”
Sooner or later, we must realize there is not station, no one place to arrive at once and for all. The true joy of life is the trip. The station is only a dream. It constantly outdistances us.
“Relish in the moment” is a good motto especially when coupled with Psalm 118:24: “This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it.” It isn’t the burdens of today that drive men mad. It is the regrets over yesterday and the fear of tomorrow. Regret and fear are twin thieves who rob us of today.
So stop pacing the aisles and counting the miles. Instead, climb more mountains, eat more ice cream, go barefoot more often, swim more rivers, watch more sunsets, laugh more, cry less. Life must be lived as we go along. The station will come soon enough.
But uppermost in our minds is the final destination. On a certain day at a certain hour we will pull into the station. Banks will be playing and flags waving. Once we get there so many wonderful dreams will come true and the pieces of our lives will fit together like a completed jigsaw puzzle. How restlessly we pace the aisles, damning the minutes for loitering – waiting, waiting, waiting for the station.
“When we reach the station, that will be it!”, we cry. “When I’m 18.” “When I buy a new SL Mercedes Benz!” “When I put the last kid through college.” “When I have paid off the mortgage!” “When I get a promotion.” “When I reach the age of retirement, I shall live happily ever after!”
Sooner or later, we must realize there is not station, no one place to arrive at once and for all. The true joy of life is the trip. The station is only a dream. It constantly outdistances us.
“Relish in the moment” is a good motto especially when coupled with Psalm 118:24: “This is the day which the Lord hath made; we will rejoice and be glad in it.” It isn’t the burdens of today that drive men mad. It is the regrets over yesterday and the fear of tomorrow. Regret and fear are twin thieves who rob us of today.
So stop pacing the aisles and counting the miles. Instead, climb more mountains, eat more ice cream, go barefoot more often, swim more rivers, watch more sunsets, laugh more, cry less. Life must be lived as we go along. The station will come soon enough.
Health Problem Case Increases Due to Improper Segregation
Orbiso, Christianne Eric T. BS Development Communication 2-A
Health Problem Case Increases Due to Improper Segregation
Improper disposal of garbage in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City is the major concern of the some residents. When you take a look at the left to the right, there are garbage stocked and thrown by people, anywhere and most probably anytime they want. Due to this, the air that they breath smells bad. The surroundings make grimy. There are some insects found in the garbage. One of the major rationale of this is the fishes because the place is the public market of fishes. As you visit the place, you can see, on the other hand, stocked, trapped dead fishes in drainages, in pathways and in the public market alone. That’s why this makes the air smells bad and the den unclean.
Moreover, because of this case, the people facing health problems increased. There are about 45% out of 100% are having health problems compared to the last year’s case. It increases 10% within this year because improper throwing of garbage can really affect the health of an individual. Of these 45%, many are having fever, cough, colds even dengue.
According to the Barangay Captain of Sawang Calero, Mr. Benjamin Zabate, he is very concerned of the health of his constituents. That is why, he is promoting and acquiring a daily collection of garbage, house by house wherein there are paid workers of the barangay who will collect it and it is to be carried into a truck inorder to dispose it properly. In this instance, this can help debase the people suffering from different illnesses. Before, thios action was done only every Wednesday and Friday or twice a week but due to the increasing case of health problems, it is now converted to day by day collection.
Notwithstanding, this action is on the go, still some people do not cooperate and participate him upon doing this. There is still littering happen in the place. In him alone as he says, he can maintain the cleanliness but when it comes to the side of the people, there are only some who will colaborate him lik the concerned citizens. This will be sustainable if people will maintain and contribute a help and be concern to everyone’s advantages and of course to wake up from this hazardous exemplifications.
Nevertheless, the barangay has the medical clinic or health center dedicated to the people who suffered from differnt ailments. The clinic was raised by the Barangay Captain with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor Tomas Osmeña. According to the Barangay Captain, the people can go along to the clinic and they will be released free medicines and free consultation or check- up.
Having a clinic in the barangay doesn’t mean that the people will not give effort or put premium to thye rampant improper disposal of garbage, they should not depend on the clinic because a clinic has nothing to do with the case of garbage.
Health Problem Case Increases Due to Improper Segregation
Improper disposal of garbage in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City is the major concern of the some residents. When you take a look at the left to the right, there are garbage stocked and thrown by people, anywhere and most probably anytime they want. Due to this, the air that they breath smells bad. The surroundings make grimy. There are some insects found in the garbage. One of the major rationale of this is the fishes because the place is the public market of fishes. As you visit the place, you can see, on the other hand, stocked, trapped dead fishes in drainages, in pathways and in the public market alone. That’s why this makes the air smells bad and the den unclean.
Moreover, because of this case, the people facing health problems increased. There are about 45% out of 100% are having health problems compared to the last year’s case. It increases 10% within this year because improper throwing of garbage can really affect the health of an individual. Of these 45%, many are having fever, cough, colds even dengue.
According to the Barangay Captain of Sawang Calero, Mr. Benjamin Zabate, he is very concerned of the health of his constituents. That is why, he is promoting and acquiring a daily collection of garbage, house by house wherein there are paid workers of the barangay who will collect it and it is to be carried into a truck inorder to dispose it properly. In this instance, this can help debase the people suffering from different illnesses. Before, thios action was done only every Wednesday and Friday or twice a week but due to the increasing case of health problems, it is now converted to day by day collection.
Notwithstanding, this action is on the go, still some people do not cooperate and participate him upon doing this. There is still littering happen in the place. In him alone as he says, he can maintain the cleanliness but when it comes to the side of the people, there are only some who will colaborate him lik the concerned citizens. This will be sustainable if people will maintain and contribute a help and be concern to everyone’s advantages and of course to wake up from this hazardous exemplifications.
Nevertheless, the barangay has the medical clinic or health center dedicated to the people who suffered from differnt ailments. The clinic was raised by the Barangay Captain with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor Tomas Osmeña. According to the Barangay Captain, the people can go along to the clinic and they will be released free medicines and free consultation or check- up.
Having a clinic in the barangay doesn’t mean that the people will not give effort or put premium to thye rampant improper disposal of garbage, they should not depend on the clinic because a clinic has nothing to do with the case of garbage.
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY A Micro Study on a Social Problem
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
A Micro Study on a Social Problem
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication 2-A
Submitted by:
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
Submitted to:
Mr. Manuel M. Avenido Jr.
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
When you care for yourself, your home, your yard and your garden you use a variety of chemical products. Many of these common household products contain hazardous chemicals. When we no longer want these products they become hazardous waste.
Most household products are not harmful if used according to label directions. However, they can become harmful if you use them improperly, store them improperly, or dispose of them improperly.
Most people dispose of hazardous products by throwing them in the trash, pouring them down the drain, burning them, pouring them in a ditch, dumping them on a vacant lot or burying them in a field. These practices are dangerous. Waste from hazardous household products can contaminate lakes, rivers, streams and the groundwater (the places below the ground where water accumulates before it goes to a river, stream or well).
Just like in the Barangay Sawang Calero in the City of Cebu is undergoing a query which is the improper throwing of garbage or wastes. This is a major problem in the locality wherein the residents are affected by these wicked exemplification. One of the uncertainties of the populace in the affected area is the health difficulties. Lots of people have been encountering different problems in heath.
The inevitable rationale of this circumstance is the production of the consumption proceeding. On the other hand, the place is known as the fish public market and this makes the garbage abundant.
The garbage in the barangay are rampant that manufacture different ailments of an individual. From one side to another side, garbage or wastes are always present.
Such constant illnesses that brought by this are cough, colds, fever and dengue.
CASE STUDIES AND FIELD STUDIES
Many health problems have been associated with improper waste disposal on behalf of companies and individuals alike. Many people who present health conditions have been exposed to high levels of toxic waste over an extended period of time through the pollution of groundwater, air and soil.
The researcher conducted a depth data and enters the land of the barangay. Individuals contributed their own simple ways on how to evade or debase the case like to dispose it properly. They were also voicing their problems with regard to the effects of improper disposal of garbage. As the study’s getting different information, the Barangay Sawang Calero is amending the everyday collection of garbage, house by house knowing that this is the simple method of diminishing the cases of the health problems.
The place is quite big and in every different area, still the garbage can be found. This makes the air smells bad and this is very much hazardous to one’s health.
With regard to the people who have different ailments, the barangay has a medical clinic for free consultation and free assistance of medicine to them.
The clinic was raised with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor, Tomas Osmeña. Everyday, everybody can visit the clinic from 8:00 am – 5:00 pm and few doctors will be present during Monday and Friday only.
OBSERVATIONS
The researcher observed the den of the barangay. Usually, the residents are still speaking out their predicament about this negative occurrence. They are aiming for an instant solution to this major case. On the other side, upon observing, there are some folks who are still throwing garbage anywhere despite the huge problem. These are the people who are probably not concerned of what’s happening. The people also can do it freely because no one will warn them and there is nothing signboards in the place even.
But some of the concern citizens in the barangay are working hard for their betterment. They are practicing themselves to segregate their wastes properly. Notwithstanding they are doing their best, still they want everything to be fixed so that anyone can breathe into the purified air rather than keep smelling to dirty air and of course to be protected from different illnesses or even just to lessen the cases of these.
CONCLUSION
The Barangay Sawang Calero is on the process of debasing the case of improper throwing of wastes and the case of health problems. Eventhough there is now an action done but the barangay is looking forward to another step to directly lessen and cease these. The authorities of the barangay continue to advice and get the attention of everyone to go with their mission. The barangay is having a monthly cleaning of drainages and having the day by day, house to house collection of garbage that are to be collected by the use of a truck inorder to dispose it properly.
These are some of helpful solutions to these:
Don't throw it in anywhere because improper use may cause toxic health effects such as headache, injury or death. Improper storage may allow chemicals to leak into the environment, causing dangerous chemical reactions, poisoning or pollution. Improper disposal may allow these chemicals to contaminate soil and/or water.
Don't pour it down the drain because when you pour hazardous household products down the sink or flush them down the toilet the hazardous materials enter either a septic system or a municipal sewer system.
Don't pour it in ditches, storm drains orgutters because if you pour hazardous household waste in ditches, storm drains or gutters, it can poison plants and wildlife, contaminate the soil, and be harmful to children and adults who come in contact with it When it rains, the hazardous household waste travels directly to nearby streams, rivers and lakes.
Don't burn it.If you burn hazardous waste, you risk producing poisonous fumes, contributing to air pollution or causing an explosion.
Don't dump it or bury it. If you dump or bury some types of hazardous household wastes, they may leach through the soil and contaminate the soil or water, especially if the waste is persistent or non-biodegradable. Children or pets and wildlife may be hurt. Dogs frequently are poisoned by drinking antifreeze left on roads or driveways.
DOCUMENTATION
1. These are the wastes found in the drainages and pathways of the barangay.
2. This is the medical clinic or the health center of the barangay.
3. These people are few of the concern citizens in the barangay, sweeping and dispose their wastes properly.
4. The wastes are in the truck to dispose the wastes in proper way.
5. The researcher is holding a plastic, throwing it to the receptacle, demonstrating and teaching the kid on how to throw the garbage properly.
6. These are the fishes inside the public market that is one of the reasons to why the air smells bad.
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
A Micro Study on a Social Problem
CEBU TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication 2-A
Submitted by:
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
Submitted to:
Mr. Manuel M. Avenido Jr.
IMPROPER THROWING OF GARBAGES
IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO
CAUSES HEALTH DEFICIENCY
When you care for yourself, your home, your yard and your garden you use a variety of chemical products. Many of these common household products contain hazardous chemicals. When we no longer want these products they become hazardous waste.
Most household products are not harmful if used according to label directions. However, they can become harmful if you use them improperly, store them improperly, or dispose of them improperly.
Most people dispose of hazardous products by throwing them in the trash, pouring them down the drain, burning them, pouring them in a ditch, dumping them on a vacant lot or burying them in a field. These practices are dangerous. Waste from hazardous household products can contaminate lakes, rivers, streams and the groundwater (the places below the ground where water accumulates before it goes to a river, stream or well).
Just like in the Barangay Sawang Calero in the City of Cebu is undergoing a query which is the improper throwing of garbage or wastes. This is a major problem in the locality wherein the residents are affected by these wicked exemplification. One of the uncertainties of the populace in the affected area is the health difficulties. Lots of people have been encountering different problems in heath.
The inevitable rationale of this circumstance is the production of the consumption proceeding. On the other hand, the place is known as the fish public market and this makes the garbage abundant.
The garbage in the barangay are rampant that manufacture different ailments of an individual. From one side to another side, garbage or wastes are always present.
Such constant illnesses that brought by this are cough, colds, fever and dengue.
CASE STUDIES AND FIELD STUDIES
Many health problems have been associated with improper waste disposal on behalf of companies and individuals alike. Many people who present health conditions have been exposed to high levels of toxic waste over an extended period of time through the pollution of groundwater, air and soil.
The researcher conducted a depth data and enters the land of the barangay. Individuals contributed their own simple ways on how to evade or debase the case like to dispose it properly. They were also voicing their problems with regard to the effects of improper disposal of garbage. As the study’s getting different information, the Barangay Sawang Calero is amending the everyday collection of garbage, house by house knowing that this is the simple method of diminishing the cases of the health problems.
The place is quite big and in every different area, still the garbage can be found. This makes the air smells bad and this is very much hazardous to one’s health.
With regard to the people who have different ailments, the barangay has a medical clinic for free consultation and free assistance of medicine to them.
The clinic was raised with the aid of the former Cebu City Mayor, Tomas Osmeña. Everyday, everybody can visit the clinic from 8:00 am – 5:00 pm and few doctors will be present during Monday and Friday only.
OBSERVATIONS
The researcher observed the den of the barangay. Usually, the residents are still speaking out their predicament about this negative occurrence. They are aiming for an instant solution to this major case. On the other side, upon observing, there are some folks who are still throwing garbage anywhere despite the huge problem. These are the people who are probably not concerned of what’s happening. The people also can do it freely because no one will warn them and there is nothing signboards in the place even.
But some of the concern citizens in the barangay are working hard for their betterment. They are practicing themselves to segregate their wastes properly. Notwithstanding they are doing their best, still they want everything to be fixed so that anyone can breathe into the purified air rather than keep smelling to dirty air and of course to be protected from different illnesses or even just to lessen the cases of these.
CONCLUSION
The Barangay Sawang Calero is on the process of debasing the case of improper throwing of wastes and the case of health problems. Eventhough there is now an action done but the barangay is looking forward to another step to directly lessen and cease these. The authorities of the barangay continue to advice and get the attention of everyone to go with their mission. The barangay is having a monthly cleaning of drainages and having the day by day, house to house collection of garbage that are to be collected by the use of a truck inorder to dispose it properly.
These are some of helpful solutions to these:
Don't throw it in anywhere because improper use may cause toxic health effects such as headache, injury or death. Improper storage may allow chemicals to leak into the environment, causing dangerous chemical reactions, poisoning or pollution. Improper disposal may allow these chemicals to contaminate soil and/or water.
Don't pour it down the drain because when you pour hazardous household products down the sink or flush them down the toilet the hazardous materials enter either a septic system or a municipal sewer system.
Don't pour it in ditches, storm drains orgutters because if you pour hazardous household waste in ditches, storm drains or gutters, it can poison plants and wildlife, contaminate the soil, and be harmful to children and adults who come in contact with it When it rains, the hazardous household waste travels directly to nearby streams, rivers and lakes.
Don't burn it.If you burn hazardous waste, you risk producing poisonous fumes, contributing to air pollution or causing an explosion.
Don't dump it or bury it. If you dump or bury some types of hazardous household wastes, they may leach through the soil and contaminate the soil or water, especially if the waste is persistent or non-biodegradable. Children or pets and wildlife may be hurt. Dogs frequently are poisoned by drinking antifreeze left on roads or driveways.
DOCUMENTATION
1. These are the wastes found in the drainages and pathways of the barangay.
2. This is the medical clinic or the health center of the barangay.
3. These people are few of the concern citizens in the barangay, sweeping and dispose their wastes properly.
4. The wastes are in the truck to dispose the wastes in proper way.
5. The researcher is holding a plastic, throwing it to the receptacle, demonstrating and teaching the kid on how to throw the garbage properly.
6. These are the fishes inside the public market that is one of the reasons to why the air smells bad.
SONA OF THE PRESIDENT
NAME: Christianne Eric T. Orbiso DEGREE & YEAR: BSDevcom 2- A
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Manuel Avenido Jr. TIME: 8:30- 10:00 (TTH)
SONA OF THE PRESIDENT
AIMING FOR CHANGES
A critical essay on Pres. Aquino’s SONA
In every step that we encounter, our target is always to have an improvement in our life. Not only for ourselves, but for others’ sake also. Not only for our family or to our needs but for others too.
Seldom we can say, what about the beautiful, impressive and progressive other countries? We definitely want it and it is also our ambition that one day it would be the Philippines to be one of that rapturous countries. In fact, we are wondering why they can do it while we, are just stocked and trapped to one step, we cannot even reach the next simple step. That’s why we, as Filipinos are merged to help each other in committing a progressive life. When changes came first to us, there is also a need of assistance to totally grab the opportunity. Generally, in every country, we have this, what we call “President” to be the instrument for improvement and success.
As the Philippines faced a new image of administration, we Filipinos are still hoping and finding for a food to cure our hunger in terms of changes.
The first State of the Nation Address of the newly- elected president, Benigno Simeon Cojuanco Aquino III or recently known as P-Noy, was the mouth of every populace. It was becoming to be controversial.
As my research goes on, upon reading the whole- page of the address, from the topmost to lower part, I found out that there were many promises stated according to P-Noy. One of those is as he says, “Sa administrasyon po natin, walang kota-kota, walang tongpats, ang pera ng taumbayan ay gagastusin para sa taumbayan lamang. Sa agrikultura, makapagtatayo na tayo ng mga grains terminals, refrigeration facilities, maayos na road networks at post-harvest facilities.” If this will be granted and totally be real, this would be a very big help and pleasure to every concerned Filipino who seek for transformation.
With regards to his SONA, lots of reactions have been flowing to the internet, television, newspaper and any other forms of widespread media. Many people liked it for his encouraging and impressive address that he apprised. But there are people who don’t impressed for a half of his SONA is criticisms of the previous administration.
But as we all knew, in a bad part, some politicians are always making promises and will never ever be made. And we, who are just an ordinary man always meant to be disappointed for what they’ve done.
In my case, I do say that we still have the chance to cooperate the new administration in our simple way of helping, for we who let Aquino be the leader in our nation, let us just support, guide and pray for him to bring us to our dreams and ambitions.
INSTRUCTOR: Mr. Manuel Avenido Jr. TIME: 8:30- 10:00 (TTH)
SONA OF THE PRESIDENT
AIMING FOR CHANGES
A critical essay on Pres. Aquino’s SONA
In every step that we encounter, our target is always to have an improvement in our life. Not only for ourselves, but for others’ sake also. Not only for our family or to our needs but for others too.
Seldom we can say, what about the beautiful, impressive and progressive other countries? We definitely want it and it is also our ambition that one day it would be the Philippines to be one of that rapturous countries. In fact, we are wondering why they can do it while we, are just stocked and trapped to one step, we cannot even reach the next simple step. That’s why we, as Filipinos are merged to help each other in committing a progressive life. When changes came first to us, there is also a need of assistance to totally grab the opportunity. Generally, in every country, we have this, what we call “President” to be the instrument for improvement and success.
As the Philippines faced a new image of administration, we Filipinos are still hoping and finding for a food to cure our hunger in terms of changes.
The first State of the Nation Address of the newly- elected president, Benigno Simeon Cojuanco Aquino III or recently known as P-Noy, was the mouth of every populace. It was becoming to be controversial.
As my research goes on, upon reading the whole- page of the address, from the topmost to lower part, I found out that there were many promises stated according to P-Noy. One of those is as he says, “Sa administrasyon po natin, walang kota-kota, walang tongpats, ang pera ng taumbayan ay gagastusin para sa taumbayan lamang. Sa agrikultura, makapagtatayo na tayo ng mga grains terminals, refrigeration facilities, maayos na road networks at post-harvest facilities.” If this will be granted and totally be real, this would be a very big help and pleasure to every concerned Filipino who seek for transformation.
With regards to his SONA, lots of reactions have been flowing to the internet, television, newspaper and any other forms of widespread media. Many people liked it for his encouraging and impressive address that he apprised. But there are people who don’t impressed for a half of his SONA is criticisms of the previous administration.
But as we all knew, in a bad part, some politicians are always making promises and will never ever be made. And we, who are just an ordinary man always meant to be disappointed for what they’ve done.
In my case, I do say that we still have the chance to cooperate the new administration in our simple way of helping, for we who let Aquino be the leader in our nation, let us just support, guide and pray for him to bring us to our dreams and ambitions.
Theories of Communication
Theories of Communication
Authoritarian Theory
According to this theory, mass media, though not under the direct control of the State, had to follow its bidding. Under an Authoritarian approach in Western Europe, freedom of thought was jealously guarded by a few people (ruling classes), who were concerned with the emergence of a new middle class and were worried about the effects of printed matter on their thought process. Steps were taken to control the freedom of expression. The result was advocacy of complete dictatorship. The theory promoted zealous obedience to a hierarchical superior and reliance on threat and punishment to those who did not follow the censorship rules or did not respect authority. Censorship of the press was justified on the ground that the State always took precedence over the individual's right to freedom of expression.
This theory stemmed from the authoritarian philosophy of Plato (407 - 327 B.C), who thought that the State was safe only in the hands of a few wise men. Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679), a British academician, argued that the power to maintain order was sovereign and individual objections were to be ignored. Engel, a German thinker further reinforced the theory by stating that freedom came into its supreme right only under Authoritarianism.
The world has been witness to authoritarian means of control over media by both dictatorial and democratic governments.
Libertarianism or Free Press Theory
This movement is based on the right of an individual, and advocates absence of restraint. The basis of this theory dates back to 17th century England when the printing press made it possible to print several copies of a book or pamphlet at cheap rates. The State was thought of as a major source of interference on the rights of an individual and his property. Libertarians regarded taxation as institutional theft. Popular will (vox populi) was granted precedence over the power of State.
Advocates of this theory were Lao Tzu, an early 16th century philosopher, John Locke of Great Britain in the17th century, John Milton, the epic poet ("Aeropagitica") and John Stuart Mill, an essayist ("On Liberty"). Milton in Aeropagitica in 1644, referred to a self righting process if free expression is permitted "let truth and falsehood grapple." In 1789, the French, in their Declaration Of The Rights Of Man, wrote "Every citizen may speak, write and publish freely." Out of such doctrines came the idea of a "free marketplace of ideas." George Orwell defined libertarianism as "allowing people to say things you do not want to hear". Libertarians argued that the press should be seen as the Fourth Estate reflecting public opinion.
What the theory offers, in sum, is power without social responsibility.
Social Responsibility Theory
Virulent critics of the Free Press Theory were Wilbur Schramm, Siebert and Theodore Paterson. In their book Four Theories Of Press, they stated "pure libertarianism is antiquated, outdated and obsolete." They advocated the need for its replacement by the Social Responsibility theory. This theory can be said to have been initiated in the United States by the Commission of The Freedom Of Press, 1949. The commission found that the free market approach to press freedom had only increased the power of a single class and has not served the interests of the less well-off classes. The emergence of radio, TV and film suggested the need for some means of accountability. Thus the theory advocated some obligation on the part of the media to society. A judicial mix of self regulation and state regulation and high professional standards were imperative.
Social Responsibility theory thus became the modern variation in which the duty to one"s conscience was the primary basis of the right of free expression.
Development Communication Theory
The underlying fact behind the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without communication. Under the four classical theories, capitalism was legitimized, but under the Development communication theory, or Development Support Communication as it is otherwise called, the media undertook the role of carrying out positive developmental programmes, accepting restrictions and instructions from the State. The media subordinated themselves to political, economic, social and cultural needs. Hence the stress on "development communication" and "development journalism". There was tacit support from the UNESCO for this theory. The weakness of this theory is that "development" is often equated with government propaganda.
Democratization/Democratic Participant Media Theory
This theory vehemently opposes the commercialization of modern media and its top-down non-participant character. The need for access and right to communicate is stressed. Bureaucratic control of media is decried.
SOURCE:
www.google.com
Authoritarian Theory
According to this theory, mass media, though not under the direct control of the State, had to follow its bidding. Under an Authoritarian approach in Western Europe, freedom of thought was jealously guarded by a few people (ruling classes), who were concerned with the emergence of a new middle class and were worried about the effects of printed matter on their thought process. Steps were taken to control the freedom of expression. The result was advocacy of complete dictatorship. The theory promoted zealous obedience to a hierarchical superior and reliance on threat and punishment to those who did not follow the censorship rules or did not respect authority. Censorship of the press was justified on the ground that the State always took precedence over the individual's right to freedom of expression.
This theory stemmed from the authoritarian philosophy of Plato (407 - 327 B.C), who thought that the State was safe only in the hands of a few wise men. Thomas Hobbes (1588 - 1679), a British academician, argued that the power to maintain order was sovereign and individual objections were to be ignored. Engel, a German thinker further reinforced the theory by stating that freedom came into its supreme right only under Authoritarianism.
The world has been witness to authoritarian means of control over media by both dictatorial and democratic governments.
Libertarianism or Free Press Theory
This movement is based on the right of an individual, and advocates absence of restraint. The basis of this theory dates back to 17th century England when the printing press made it possible to print several copies of a book or pamphlet at cheap rates. The State was thought of as a major source of interference on the rights of an individual and his property. Libertarians regarded taxation as institutional theft. Popular will (vox populi) was granted precedence over the power of State.
Advocates of this theory were Lao Tzu, an early 16th century philosopher, John Locke of Great Britain in the17th century, John Milton, the epic poet ("Aeropagitica") and John Stuart Mill, an essayist ("On Liberty"). Milton in Aeropagitica in 1644, referred to a self righting process if free expression is permitted "let truth and falsehood grapple." In 1789, the French, in their Declaration Of The Rights Of Man, wrote "Every citizen may speak, write and publish freely." Out of such doctrines came the idea of a "free marketplace of ideas." George Orwell defined libertarianism as "allowing people to say things you do not want to hear". Libertarians argued that the press should be seen as the Fourth Estate reflecting public opinion.
What the theory offers, in sum, is power without social responsibility.
Social Responsibility Theory
Virulent critics of the Free Press Theory were Wilbur Schramm, Siebert and Theodore Paterson. In their book Four Theories Of Press, they stated "pure libertarianism is antiquated, outdated and obsolete." They advocated the need for its replacement by the Social Responsibility theory. This theory can be said to have been initiated in the United States by the Commission of The Freedom Of Press, 1949. The commission found that the free market approach to press freedom had only increased the power of a single class and has not served the interests of the less well-off classes. The emergence of radio, TV and film suggested the need for some means of accountability. Thus the theory advocated some obligation on the part of the media to society. A judicial mix of self regulation and state regulation and high professional standards were imperative.
Social Responsibility theory thus became the modern variation in which the duty to one"s conscience was the primary basis of the right of free expression.
Development Communication Theory
The underlying fact behind the genesis of this theory was that there can be no development without communication. Under the four classical theories, capitalism was legitimized, but under the Development communication theory, or Development Support Communication as it is otherwise called, the media undertook the role of carrying out positive developmental programmes, accepting restrictions and instructions from the State. The media subordinated themselves to political, economic, social and cultural needs. Hence the stress on "development communication" and "development journalism". There was tacit support from the UNESCO for this theory. The weakness of this theory is that "development" is often equated with government propaganda.
Democratization/Democratic Participant Media Theory
This theory vehemently opposes the commercialization of modern media and its top-down non-participant character. The need for access and right to communicate is stressed. Bureaucratic control of media is decried.
SOURCE:
www.google.com
Yakee Herbal Products Company
Yakee Herbal Products Company
Sitio Lutaw- lutaw, Sto. Niño Cebu City
August 20, 2010
Ms. Cherryvier Y. Flores
Chief Executive Officer
Villa Florencia Beach Resort & Spa
116 Talaga, Argao Cebu
Dear Madam:
Greetings!
The Yakee Herbal Products Company is providing the best beauty products to where your customers or visitors shouldn’t want to miss. We have beauty soaps, shampoos and lotions where they can use while enjoying and relaxing in your humble beach resort and spa.
If you are interesting, we will give you 50% discount. Just please contact us at 262-2781 or just visit our website at www.yakee.com.
Thank you and more power.
Respectfully yours,
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
YAKEE HERBAL PRODUCTS COMPANY
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
Sitio Lutaw- lutaw, Sto. Niño Cebu City
August 20, 2010
Ms. Cherryvier Y. Flores
Chief Executive Officer
Villa Florencia Beach Resort & Spa
116 Talaga, Argao Cebu
Dear Madam:
Greetings!
The Yakee Herbal Products Company is providing the best beauty products to where your customers or visitors shouldn’t want to miss. We have beauty soaps, shampoos and lotions where they can use while enjoying and relaxing in your humble beach resort and spa.
If you are interesting, we will give you 50% discount. Just please contact us at 262-2781 or just visit our website at www.yakee.com.
Thank you and more power.
Respectfully yours,
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
YAKEE HERBAL PRODUCTS COMPANY
CHIEF EXECUTIVE OFFICER
March 16, 2011
DR. EDWIN A. PILAPIL
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to carry out this activity on March 22, 2011. The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC).
Furthermore, we would like to ask permission to pull out evening students from the College of Arts and Sciences to witness this said event.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY D. GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman
Approved by:
EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
Dean, CAS
March 16, 2011
DR. PONCIANO C. BONTIA
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC). In line with this we would like to ask permission from your good office to use the aforementioned venue on March 22, 2011 and we would like to use also the sound system and lights on that same day for the same purpose.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D. EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman Dean, CAS
Approved by:
PONCIANO C. BONTIA, Ed. D.
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
CC:
ORLANDO J. PADAL
Sound System
DR. EDWIN A. PILAPIL
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to carry out this activity on March 22, 2011. The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC).
Furthermore, we would like to ask permission to pull out evening students from the College of Arts and Sciences to witness this said event.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY D. GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman
Approved by:
EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
Dean, CAS
March 16, 2011
DR. PONCIANO C. BONTIA
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC). In line with this we would like to ask permission from your good office to use the aforementioned venue on March 22, 2011 and we would like to use also the sound system and lights on that same day for the same purpose.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D. EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman Dean, CAS
Approved by:
PONCIANO C. BONTIA, Ed. D.
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
CC:
ORLANDO J. PADAL
Sound System
letter
March 16, 2011
DR. EDWIN A. PILAPIL
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to carry out this activity on March 22, 2011. The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC).
Furthermore, we would like to ask permission to pull out evening students from the College of Arts and Sciences to witness this said event.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY D. GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman
Approved by:
EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
Dean, CAS
March 16, 2011
DR. PONCIANO C. BONTIA
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC). In line with this we would like to ask permission from your good office to use the aforementioned venue on March 22, 2011 and we would like to use also the sound system and lights on that same day for the same purpose.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D. EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman Dean, CAS
Approved by:
PONCIANO C. BONTIA, Ed. D.
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
CC:
ORLANDO J. PADAL
Sound System
DR. EDWIN A. PILAPIL
Dean, College of Arts and Sciences
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
In line with this, we would like to ask permission from your good office to carry out this activity on March 22, 2011. The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC).
Furthermore, we would like to ask permission to pull out evening students from the College of Arts and Sciences to witness this said event.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY D. GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman
Approved by:
EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
Dean, CAS
March 16, 2011
DR. PONCIANO C. BONTIA
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
Dear Sir:
Outstanding Development Communicators Awarding Rites (ODCARs) is an award giving-body which aims to recognize the works of the Development Communication students. This is our final requirement in our major courses (Tech Sci Elec 222 and Soc Sci Elec 221/Ling 321). This activity will inspire the students to do more quality outputs in their major courses.
The program is divided into two sessions, first part will be 8:00-9:00 in the morning for the IEC material presentation and the second part will be 5:00-9:00 in the evening for the awarding rites. This will be held in the Students’ Activity Center (SAC). In line with this we would like to ask permission from your good office to use the aforementioned venue on March 22, 2011 and we would like to use also the sound system and lights on that same day for the same purpose.
Thank you very much for the usual support and we look forward to receive positive response on this intention soon.
Very truly yours,
MARK ANTHONY GUMERA
Overall Chairman
Noted by:
MANUEL AVENIDO, JR.
Instructor
Recommending Approval:
IMELDA J. VILLARIN, Ed. D. EDWIN A. PILAPIL, Ed. D.
CAS-LLC Chairman Dean, CAS
Approved by:
PONCIANO C. BONTIA, Ed. D.
University Vice Pres., PEBA/
Campus Director
CC:
ORLANDO J. PADAL
Sound System
Young Entrepreneurs of the Society
Young Entrepreneurs of the Society
Monterazas, Guadalupe, Cebu City
August 12, 2010
Miss Cherryvier Y. Flores
Chief Executive Officer
Eco- Friendly Inc.
117 Natalio Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City
Madam:
Young Entrepreneurs of the Society is an organization composed of young businessmen all over the Philippines which aims to cooperate with other companies in the business industry. YES humbly sent you a letter because we would like to clinch a business deal and build public relations with your company.
The concepts and designs of your 100% Eco- Friendly products interest the YES business holders. We are willing to invest in your company with 75% of our annual consolidated money. Due to this matter, YES would like to ask questions with regard to your company. Please answer these:
1. What can we contribute to help your company?
2. Will you please furnish the YES business holders with more information regarding your products, costs and other features?
YES business holders shall appreciate receiving your response soon.
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS OF THE SOCIETY
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
YES Business Holders’ President
Monterazas, Guadalupe, Cebu City
August 12, 2010
Miss Cherryvier Y. Flores
Chief Executive Officer
Eco- Friendly Inc.
117 Natalio Bacalso Avenue, Cebu City
Madam:
Young Entrepreneurs of the Society is an organization composed of young businessmen all over the Philippines which aims to cooperate with other companies in the business industry. YES humbly sent you a letter because we would like to clinch a business deal and build public relations with your company.
The concepts and designs of your 100% Eco- Friendly products interest the YES business holders. We are willing to invest in your company with 75% of our annual consolidated money. Due to this matter, YES would like to ask questions with regard to your company. Please answer these:
1. What can we contribute to help your company?
2. Will you please furnish the YES business holders with more information regarding your products, costs and other features?
YES business holders shall appreciate receiving your response soon.
Thank you.
Respectfully yours,
YOUNG ENTREPRENEURS OF THE SOCIETY
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
YES Business Holders’ President
The Aborted Child
DECLAMATION PIECE
Orbiso, Christianne Eric T. ENG3 Date: S eptember 8, 2010
BS DevCom 2-A MWF 4:00-5:00PM (LC) Declamation Mrs. Barcenas
The Aborted Child
By: Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
Dear Mama,
I have no place to stay. No arms to hold on to. No hands to comfort me and no lullaby to listen when I want to go to sleep. It’s so dark in here. I am alone in here Mama.
Why did you let me to be here? It’s so hard living alone. I haven’t done something wrong to you even. Why did you left me?
If you let me born, I might be somebody that you’ll be proud of. I might be a doctor that will cure your pain when you have ailments. I might be an architect to design what kind of house you wanted to have or I might be an engineer to construct that designed house. I might be a teacher to teach my siblings, or my nephew and niece. I might be a priest to apprise the words of God to everybody. I might be a lawyer to defend you from people who abused your prerogative or maybe a businessman to help you live in a pleasurable and convenient way of living.
I don’t have the chance to witness the world now, Mama but I know I deserve to live. I need not to blame you this. It was your choice. My possibility to exist is in the dark already. I just need your conscience. I just don’t want you to do this again. Please look forward to the good path. Think things in advance and may you have a bright future.
I love you goodbye, Mama!
Your aborted child
Orbiso, Christianne Eric T. ENG3 Date: S eptember 8, 2010
BS DevCom 2-A MWF 4:00-5:00PM (LC) Declamation Mrs. Barcenas
The Aborted Child
By: Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
Dear Mama,
I have no place to stay. No arms to hold on to. No hands to comfort me and no lullaby to listen when I want to go to sleep. It’s so dark in here. I am alone in here Mama.
Why did you let me to be here? It’s so hard living alone. I haven’t done something wrong to you even. Why did you left me?
If you let me born, I might be somebody that you’ll be proud of. I might be a doctor that will cure your pain when you have ailments. I might be an architect to design what kind of house you wanted to have or I might be an engineer to construct that designed house. I might be a teacher to teach my siblings, or my nephew and niece. I might be a priest to apprise the words of God to everybody. I might be a lawyer to defend you from people who abused your prerogative or maybe a businessman to help you live in a pleasurable and convenient way of living.
I don’t have the chance to witness the world now, Mama but I know I deserve to live. I need not to blame you this. It was your choice. My possibility to exist is in the dark already. I just need your conscience. I just don’t want you to do this again. Please look forward to the good path. Think things in advance and may you have a bright future.
I love you goodbye, Mama!
Your aborted child
TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO CEBU CITY
____________________________________________
An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of Languages, Literature
and Communication Department
College of Arts and Sciences
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Ave. corner R. Palma St. Cebu City
________________________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement in
Fundamentals in Developmental Research & Extension
Engl 5A
_____________________________________________________
by
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
March 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
An intense thank to God Almighty for His spiritual guidance, eternal love, divine protection, strength and wisdom for making this work possible.
My profound thanks and heartfelt gratitude for the extensive cooperation and assistance of the following vital people:
Dr. Edwin A. Pilapil for his guidance, comments, suggestions and patience in helping this research worthy.
To my Parents for their love, support and guidance.
To my Sisters and Brothers- In- Law for giving their best support.
To Calidguid Family who let me use their computer for me to encode and search related matters of my study.
To the Library (College of Advanced Studies) for letting me stay in the place.
To my Classmates who shared their ideas, efforts and assistance upon doing this study.
To my Friends who are always there in giving me an abet and suggestions.
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
DEDICATIONS
This work is sincerely and heartily dedicated to the following for their support, adoration, affection and for being my precious gem in life:
My Parents
Ricardo B. Orbiso
Marites T. Orbiso
My Nephews
Abednigue Zadrach O. Encarguez
Marvin O. Perez
Mark Vanness O. Perez
My Sisters
Maricar O. Encarguez
Rhea Mae O. Perez
CHRISTIANNE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….i
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………….ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………........iii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….....iv
Chapter Page
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE…………………………………………
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
Rationale of the Study……………………………………………….
Theoretical Background………………………………………………
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………
The Problem
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….
Null Hypothesis………………………………………………………
Significance of the Study…………………………………………….
Research Methodology……………………………………………………….
Flow of the Study…………………………………………………….
Research Environment……………………………………………….
Research Respondents………………………………………………..
Research Instrument………………………………………………….
Research Procedures………………………………………………….
Statistical Treatment………………………………………………….
Scoring Procedure……………………………………………………
DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………..
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………
Letter for the Barangay Captain……………………………………….
Letter for the Parents………………………………………………….
Questionnaires…………………………………………………………….
Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………….
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
The inevitable growth of different things in this modern era usually yields bad exemplifications in life. Due to the non- stop evolution of man’s wit and skills, various things had been discovered and innovated. One example of which is the existence of media in the world that is somewhat affecting the status of living of the individuals especially to the teenagers. This could be the pace in putting the lives of the teenagers to venture and risk. The influence of the television shows, sexually explicited movies, weakening of the family bond, discarding of values practices and the like can be the reasons for the teenagers to commit sex drive.
Sex drive is a predisposition to seek sexual and sex- related response from one or more others and awakens in early teens and remains powerful throughout life. (Horton, 1984). This is why the number of cases of teenage pregnancy had risen up.
In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted that they had a premarital sex experience. The worst is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement.
The number of teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy are 16.5 million which belong to the 15-24 year old age group. We are forced with a glaring truth that at a very young age, a lot of Filipino young people today have children of their own. 30 % of all births belong to this age group and by the age of 20, 25% of the youth are already mothers. (http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=1294)
Hence, as observed in the barangay of Sawang Calero Cebu City, teenage pregnancy is one of the rapid predicaments in the locality. The study will look into the respondents who had experienced this problem and to the perception of the parents with regard to this matter. On the other hand, the result will be posed to the Barangay Officials for them to give action in such a way that this will be mitigated or even solved and to awaken the teenagers especially women from the unconsciousness of the bitter effects of teenage pregnancy.
Theoretical Background
Teenagers are meant to enjoy their lives to the fullest for adolescence is the stage to explore, discover and fulfill.
Yet, most of the teenagers are unaware of the things that surround them. Due to the full enjoyment, eagerness and unconsciousness, things that they do ended up to hopelessness. Being a teenager is innate to be immature but despite the immaturity, awareness must always be present no matter what actions that these teenagers are into.
Unfortunately, some teenagers led to failures because of the wrong choice. The population of the teenagers who got pregnant is fast rising. This study seeks a further understanding on the perceptions of the parents, the problems encountered by the teenagers and how this affects to the lives of the teenagers.
The theoretical perspective of this study is based on the Critical Feminist Theory.
Critical Feminist Theory focuses keenly on power relations and linked issues such as the unequal status and privilege accorded to women compared to that accorded to men.
This theory is subsets of two boarder groups of theories: Feminist Theory and Critical Theory.
Feminist theory is patriarchy which is a system that reflects primarily the interests, perspectives and experience of men as a group.
Critical Theory aims to identify prevailing structures and practices that create or uphold disadvantage, inequity or oppression and to point the way toward alternatives that promote more egalitarian possibility for individuals, relationships, groups and societies. (Baxter & Braithwaite, 2008).
When Critical and Feminist Theory collide, the results are, this theory now identifies, critiques, seeks to change inequities and discrimination specifically to sex and gender.
This theory is strongly focusing to the empowerment and to give voice for the women because some women nowadays are victims of human trafficking, sexual harassment and indulged into sex relations that even in the modern era, the victims are getting younger and younger.
Teenagers at the present time became more prone to the crime distinctively to sex- oriented matters. That’s why, the rising growth of teenage pregnancy is rapid in different places may it be internationally, nationally and even in local places.
Theoretical Framework
The focus of the study is to promote awareness on teenage pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City.
The problem will be answered by the teenagers who are pregnant or by the people who undergone or experienced teenage pregnancy.
Critical Feminist Theory
Figure 1. Theoretical Background
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to assess the outcome and perceptions of teenage pregnancy to the respondents in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City during Calendar Year 2011 as basis for awareness.
Specifically, this study seeks to investigate the following questions.
1. What is the profile of the group in terms of:
1.1 Parents
1.1.1 Economic Condition?
1.2 Teenage Pregnant Woman
1.2.1 Age of Pregnancy?
1.2.2 Educational Attainment?
2. What are the perceptions of the parents toward teenage pregnancy in terms of:
2.1 Health Problems?
2.2 Social Concern?
2.3 Financial Problem?
2.4 Emotional Aspect?
2.5 Religious Factor?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the group and perceptions of parents toward teenage pregnancy?
4. What problems do the respondents encountered in teenage pregnancy?
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the perceptions of the parents toward teenage pregnancy.
Significance of the Study
This study will greatly help the following groups:
Barangay Officials. The findings of this study will serve as basis for upgrading policies or programs protecting women teenagers who are nowadays much prone to pregnancy.
Teenagers. This will provide insights on avoiding such problem and to be always conscious to the consequences brought by teenage pregnancy.
Parents. The results will give them abet as to be always responsible in handling their daughters to avoid such predicament.
Community. The study will hopefully raise the awareness of the populace on how to deal with teenage pregnancy problems.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The nature of the study requires the utilization of descriptive method of research with the use of the questionnaire as a main data gathering tool.
The Flow of the Study
Figure 2 presents the flow of the study. It will involve the collection of data that will answer questions concerning information related to respondents’ profile as to economic condition, age of pregnancy, gender and educational attainment. Moreover, the study will know the perceptions of the parents and the problems encountered of the respondents in teenage pregnancy. The sequence of the study will be through the formulation of the questionnaire, informal interviews and statistical computation and analysis. Finally, the output of this study will serve as a basis for awareness of the teenagers especially women.
Research Environment
The locale of the study is Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City. At present, the Barangay has 7 blocks. To locate the place, San Nicolas Parish Church is the indication in getting there.
The usual source of income of the residents is the fish. Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City is also located near the Pasil Fish Market.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
I. Profile of the group
A. Parents
1. Economic Condition
B. Teenage Pregnant Women
1. Age of Pregnancy
2. Educational Attainment
II. Perceptions of the Parents on Teenage Pregnancy
III. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
FIGURE 2
THE FLOW OF THE STUDY
That is why sometimes, the place is wrongly known as Barangay Pasil because the Fish Market is just close to the Barangay Sawang Calero.
Figure 3 shows the map which locates the Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City.
Research Respondents
Women who are teenagers and who underwent teenage pregnancy and the parents of the main respondents will be the target population of this study. These teenagers will be taken by using a random sampling method. These respondents must only be living under the blocks of Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City and preferably, willing to share their experiences on teenage pregnancy.
Research Instrument
The questionnaire will be the main instrument to use inorder to gather data. This will be composed of two types. The first questionnaire will be for the teenage pregnant women, the main respondents with their profile in terms of their age of pregnancy and educational attainment together with their problems undergone in teenage pregnancy. The second will be for the profile of the parents in terms of their economic condition which includes their perceptions toward teenage pregnancy.
Research Procedures
The researcher will personally administer the pre- testing of the questionnaire to the women teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy and to the parents of the target
FIGURE 3
MAP OF THE LOCALE
respondents to yield an improvement whether it is needed to be added or omitted. The questionnaire will then be revised and be distributed to the same respondents.
Statistical Treatment
The study will be administered using the questionnaire. The frequency of responses will be tallied, collated and tabulated by using these procedures:
1. To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age of pregnancy and educational attainment and the economic condition of the parents, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used using this formula.
p = f x 100%
n
where
p is percentage
f is frequency
N is number of cases
100% is constant
2. To analyze and interpret the data of the perceptions of the parents, the weighted mean will be used using the formula:
x= fw/N
where
x is weighted mean
f is frequency
w is weights 3, 2, 1
N is number of cases
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3. To find out the significant relationship in the perceptions of the parents regarding teenage pregnancy to the profile of the groups (teenage pregnant women and parents), the formula will be used.
where:
fo is observed frequency
fe is expected frequency
x is chi square
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3- Well Experienced (WM)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not Experienced (NE)
4. To identify the problems encountered, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used similar to that of number 1.
Scoring Procedure
The data will be scored in accordance to the following given categories:
Perceptions of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Strongly Agree (SA) The choices are very agreeable.
2 1.67- 2.33 Agree (A) The choices are agreeable.
1 1.00- 1.66 Disagree (D) The choices are not agreeable.
Problems encountered by the Teenage Pregnant Women
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Well Experienced (WE) The options are very clear.
2 1.67- 2.33 Experienced (E) The options are clear.
1 1.00- 1.66 Not Experienced (NE) The options are not clear.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To avoid confusion due to the varied connotations of words, the following terms were defined operationally and conceptually as used in this research report:
Teenagers are the persons in the teen years who are the target respondents in this research study.
Pregnancy is the condition of being pregnant or the act of carrying an unborn young within the body.
Teenage Pregnancy is a condition of carrying an unborn baby at an early age.
Perceptions of the Parents refer to the evaluation of the problems toward teenage pregnancy.
Profile of the Respondents operationally refers to the parents’ and teenage pregnant women’s characteristics in terms of economic condition, age of pregnancy and educational attainment.
Basis for awareness is the product aimed of this study for the other teenagers to be conscious about the effect of teenage pregnancy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Baxter, Leslie A. et al. (2008). Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Horton, Paul B. (1984). Sociology, 6th Ed. U.S.A.: McGrawhill, Inc.
Litchman, Ronnie. (2001). Pregnancy, Birth and Family Planning. U.S.A.: American
Library.
Mills, Wright C. (2000). The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Simkin, Penny. (2001). Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn. Australia: Hinkler
Books.
Stoppard, Miriam. (2000). Conception, Pregnancy and Birth. London: Darling
Kindersley.
UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
Ceniza, Anabelle V. (2001). Education Information on Abortion provided by Health
Care Givers, Tagbilaran City: A proposed Prevention and Post Abortion
Copunselling Program. University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
WEBSITES
www.devcompage.com
www.google.com
www.scidev.net
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
A LETTER OF REQUEST FOR THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue corner R. Palma St.
Cebu City
March 26, 2011
Benjamin O. Zabate
Barangay Captain
Sawang Calero, Cebu City
To Whom It May Concern:
I am currently working with my research proposal entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
Since my respondents are the populace who are under your control, your note of permission to conduct the study is of great significance.
Your moral support to this request will be highly appreciated!
Very truly yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
BENJAMIN O. ZABATE
Barangay Captain
APPENDIX B
LETTER FOR THE PARENTS
March 26, 2011
Dear Parents,
Good day!
I am on the process of doing my thesis in Fundamentals of Developmental Research and Extension entitled “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
I am asking a favor from you to answer the questions for you and for your daughter.
Your cooperation is highly needed.
Godspeed!
Respectfully yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE PARENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Economic Condition
Self- Employed
Temporary on Casual Employment
Permanently Employed
Not Employed at all
Others, please specify:
2. Perceptions of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy:
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3
(SA) 2
(A) 1
(D)
2.1 Health Problems
a. can yield AIDS/HIV
b. can yield Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. can yield Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Social Concern
a. deprived by people and bothered by the gossips
b. evasion of mingling others
c. neglected by other teenagers
2.3 Financial Problem
a. dependent to parents
b. forced to work in low salary working place
c. has neck- deep debt
2.4 Emotional Aspect
a. prone to depression
b. lead to despair
c. lead to repentance
2.5 Religious Factor
a. thankful to God
b. put bad impression to God
c. do not believe to God
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Age of Pregnancy
24-26
21-23
18-20
15-17
12-14
2. Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate
Elementary Graduate
High School Undergraduate
High School Graduate
College Undergraduate
College Graduate
Vocational Course
Others, please specify:
3. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
3- Well Experienced (WE)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not experienced (NE)
3
(WE) 2
(E) 1
(NE)
Financial needs
Deprived by others
Bothered by the gossips
Hopelessness
Repentance
Condemned by the parents
Led to unwanted pregnancy
Thought of abortion
Education is sacrificed
Left by the partner
Others, please specify:
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Para sa Ginikanan
Direksyon: Palihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) sa tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Kahimtang sa Pagpuyu
Adunay kaugalingung trabaho
Temporaryo nga nagtrabaho
Permanenteng nagtrabaho
Walay trabaho
Uban pa, palihug hinanli:
2. Panan- aw sa Ginikanan
3- Kusganung niuyun (KN)
2- Niuyun (N)
1- Wala niuyun (WN)
3
(KN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
2.1 Problema sa Panglawas
a. makahatag ug AIDS/HIV
b. makahatag ug Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. makahatag ug Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Problema sa Kumunidad
a. talikdan sa ubang tawo ug samukan sa mga tsismis
b. maglikay sa pagpakig- uban sa laing tawo
c. dili duulun sa ubang kabatan-unan
2.3 Problema sa Kwarta
a. magsalig sa ginikanan
b. mapugus sa pagpanarbahu sa gamay nga sweldo
c. daghan ug utang
2.4 Kabahin sa Emosyon
a. duul sa depresyun
b. wala nay paglaum
c. mabasulun
2.5 Relihiyusung Aspeto
a.. mapasalamatun sa Ginuu
b. basulun ang Ginuu
c. dili na mutuu ug Ginuu
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Kabahin sa Batan-ong Nagsabak
Direksyon: Palihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Edad sa Pagkamabdus
24-26
21-23
18-19
15-17
12-14
2. Kinatas-ang Gradu nga Nakab-ut
Wala nahuman sa Elementarya
Nahuman sa Elementarya
Wala nahuman sa Sekundarya
Nahuman sa Sekundarya
Wala nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Bokasyun nga Kursu
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
II. Problema nga naagian sa sayu nga Pagsabak
3- Grabi nga Nasulayan (GN)
2- Nasulayan(N)
1- Wala Masulayi(WM)
3
(GN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
Problema sa kwarta
Gitalikdan sa ubang tawo
Gisamukan sa mga tsismis
Nawad- an ug paglaum
Nagabasul
Naabut sa pagkawalay gustu nga pagsabak
Naghuna- huna sa pagpalaglag
Ang edukasyon nasakripisyu
Gibiyaan sa kapares
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
CURRICULUM VITAE
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
General Gines St. Sawang Calero, Cebu City
09323472250-xiannard@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Date of Birth : February 23, 1993
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
2009 to present
Secondary
Colonia National High School
Colonia, Tuburan, Cebu
A.Y. 2008-2009
Elementary
Caridad, Elementary School
Caridad, Tuburan, Cebu
2004-2005
SEMINARS ATTENDED
Strategic Communication: Cebu Technological University
The Impact of Broadcast Media Main Campus (LC)
to Development February 2011
Cebuano Journalism Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (SAC)
February 2011
Community Participatory Action Research Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (LC)
January 2011
Marshall McLuhan Forum Series University of San Jose- Recoletos
on Responsible Media Main Campus
“The Messenger as the Victim and Shooter: December 2010
From Maguindanao to Manila”
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (VIEWING ROOM)
September 2010
An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of Languages, Literature
and Communication Department
College of Arts and Sciences
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Ave. corner R. Palma St. Cebu City
________________________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement in
Fundamentals in Developmental Research & Extension
Engl 5A
_____________________________________________________
by
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
March 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
An intense thank to God Almighty for His spiritual guidance, eternal love, divine protection, strength and wisdom for making this work possible.
My profound thanks and heartfelt gratitude for the extensive cooperation and assistance of the following vital people:
Dr. Edwin A. Pilapil for his guidance, comments, suggestions and patience in helping this research worthy.
To my Parents for their love, support and guidance.
To my Sisters and Brothers- In- Law for giving their best support.
To Calidguid Family who let me use their computer for me to encode and search related matters of my study.
To the Library (College of Advanced Studies) for letting me stay in the place.
To my Classmates who shared their ideas, efforts and assistance upon doing this study.
To my Friends who are always there in giving me an abet and suggestions.
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
DEDICATIONS
This work is sincerely and heartily dedicated to the following for their support, adoration, affection and for being my precious gem in life:
My Parents
Ricardo B. Orbiso
Marites T. Orbiso
My Nephews
Abednigue Zadrach O. Encarguez
Marvin O. Perez
Mark Vanness O. Perez
My Sisters
Maricar O. Encarguez
Rhea Mae O. Perez
CHRISTIANNE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….i
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………….ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………........iii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….....iv
Chapter Page
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE…………………………………………
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
Rationale of the Study……………………………………………….
Theoretical Background………………………………………………
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………
The Problem
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….
Null Hypothesis………………………………………………………
Significance of the Study…………………………………………….
Research Methodology……………………………………………………….
Flow of the Study…………………………………………………….
Research Environment……………………………………………….
Research Respondents………………………………………………..
Research Instrument………………………………………………….
Research Procedures………………………………………………….
Statistical Treatment………………………………………………….
Scoring Procedure……………………………………………………
DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………..
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………
Letter for the Barangay Captain……………………………………….
Letter for the Parents………………………………………………….
Questionnaires…………………………………………………………….
Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………….
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
The inevitable growth of different things in this modern era usually yields bad exemplifications in life. Due to the non- stop evolution of man’s wit and skills, various things had been discovered and innovated. One example of which is the existence of media in the world that is somewhat affecting the status of living of the individuals especially to the teenagers. This could be the pace in putting the lives of the teenagers to venture and risk. The influence of the television shows, sexually explicited movies, weakening of the family bond, discarding of values practices and the like can be the reasons for the teenagers to commit sex drive.
Sex drive is a predisposition to seek sexual and sex- related response from one or more others and awakens in early teens and remains powerful throughout life. (Horton, 1984). This is why the number of cases of teenage pregnancy had risen up.
In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (UPPI) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted that they had a premarital sex experience. The worst is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement.
The number of teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy are 16.5 million which belong to the 15-24 year old age group. We are forced with a glaring truth that at a very young age, a lot of Filipino young people today have children of their own. 30 % of all births belong to this age group and by the age of 20, 25% of the youth are already mothers. (http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=1294)
Hence, as observed in the barangay of Sawang Calero Cebu City, teenage pregnancy is one of the rapid predicaments in the locality. The study will look into the respondents who had experienced this problem and to the perception of the parents with regard to this matter. On the other hand, the result will be posed to the Barangay Officials for them to give action in such a way that this will be mitigated or even solved and to awaken the teenagers especially women from the unconsciousness of the bitter effects of teenage pregnancy.
Theoretical Background
Teenagers are meant to enjoy their lives to the fullest for adolescence is the stage to explore, discover and fulfill.
Yet, most of the teenagers are unaware of the things that surround them. Due to the full enjoyment, eagerness and unconsciousness, things that they do ended up to hopelessness. Being a teenager is innate to be immature but despite the immaturity, awareness must always be present no matter what actions that these teenagers are into.
Unfortunately, some teenagers led to failures because of the wrong choice. The population of the teenagers who got pregnant is fast rising. This study seeks a further understanding on the perceptions of the parents, the problems encountered by the teenagers and how this affects to the lives of the teenagers.
The theoretical perspective of this study is based on the Critical Feminist Theory.
Critical Feminist Theory focuses keenly on power relations and linked issues such as the unequal status and privilege accorded to women compared to that accorded to men.
This theory is subsets of two boarder groups of theories: Feminist Theory and Critical Theory.
Feminist theory is patriarchy which is a system that reflects primarily the interests, perspectives and experience of men as a group.
Critical Theory aims to identify prevailing structures and practices that create or uphold disadvantage, inequity or oppression and to point the way toward alternatives that promote more egalitarian possibility for individuals, relationships, groups and societies. (Baxter & Braithwaite, 2008).
When Critical and Feminist Theory collide, the results are, this theory now identifies, critiques, seeks to change inequities and discrimination specifically to sex and gender.
This theory is strongly focusing to the empowerment and to give voice for the women because some women nowadays are victims of human trafficking, sexual harassment and indulged into sex relations that even in the modern era, the victims are getting younger and younger.
Teenagers at the present time became more prone to the crime distinctively to sex- oriented matters. That’s why, the rising growth of teenage pregnancy is rapid in different places may it be internationally, nationally and even in local places.
Theoretical Framework
The focus of the study is to promote awareness on teenage pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City.
The problem will be answered by the teenagers who are pregnant or by the people who undergone or experienced teenage pregnancy.
Critical Feminist Theory
Figure 1. Theoretical Background
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to assess the outcome and perceptions of teenage pregnancy to the respondents in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City during Calendar Year 2011 as basis for awareness.
Specifically, this study seeks to investigate the following questions.
1. What is the profile of the group in terms of:
1.1 Parents
1.1.1 Economic Condition?
1.2 Teenage Pregnant Woman
1.2.1 Age of Pregnancy?
1.2.2 Educational Attainment?
2. What are the perceptions of the parents toward teenage pregnancy in terms of:
2.1 Health Problems?
2.2 Social Concern?
2.3 Financial Problem?
2.4 Emotional Aspect?
2.5 Religious Factor?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the group and perceptions of parents toward teenage pregnancy?
4. What problems do the respondents encountered in teenage pregnancy?
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the perceptions of the parents toward teenage pregnancy.
Significance of the Study
This study will greatly help the following groups:
Barangay Officials. The findings of this study will serve as basis for upgrading policies or programs protecting women teenagers who are nowadays much prone to pregnancy.
Teenagers. This will provide insights on avoiding such problem and to be always conscious to the consequences brought by teenage pregnancy.
Parents. The results will give them abet as to be always responsible in handling their daughters to avoid such predicament.
Community. The study will hopefully raise the awareness of the populace on how to deal with teenage pregnancy problems.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The nature of the study requires the utilization of descriptive method of research with the use of the questionnaire as a main data gathering tool.
The Flow of the Study
Figure 2 presents the flow of the study. It will involve the collection of data that will answer questions concerning information related to respondents’ profile as to economic condition, age of pregnancy, gender and educational attainment. Moreover, the study will know the perceptions of the parents and the problems encountered of the respondents in teenage pregnancy. The sequence of the study will be through the formulation of the questionnaire, informal interviews and statistical computation and analysis. Finally, the output of this study will serve as a basis for awareness of the teenagers especially women.
Research Environment
The locale of the study is Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City. At present, the Barangay has 7 blocks. To locate the place, San Nicolas Parish Church is the indication in getting there.
The usual source of income of the residents is the fish. Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City is also located near the Pasil Fish Market.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
I. Profile of the group
A. Parents
1. Economic Condition
B. Teenage Pregnant Women
1. Age of Pregnancy
2. Educational Attainment
II. Perceptions of the Parents on Teenage Pregnancy
III. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
FIGURE 2
THE FLOW OF THE STUDY
That is why sometimes, the place is wrongly known as Barangay Pasil because the Fish Market is just close to the Barangay Sawang Calero.
Figure 3 shows the map which locates the Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City.
Research Respondents
Women who are teenagers and who underwent teenage pregnancy and the parents of the main respondents will be the target population of this study. These teenagers will be taken by using a random sampling method. These respondents must only be living under the blocks of Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City and preferably, willing to share their experiences on teenage pregnancy.
Research Instrument
The questionnaire will be the main instrument to use inorder to gather data. This will be composed of two types. The first questionnaire will be for the teenage pregnant women, the main respondents with their profile in terms of their age of pregnancy and educational attainment together with their problems undergone in teenage pregnancy. The second will be for the profile of the parents in terms of their economic condition which includes their perceptions toward teenage pregnancy.
Research Procedures
The researcher will personally administer the pre- testing of the questionnaire to the women teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy and to the parents of the target
FIGURE 3
MAP OF THE LOCALE
respondents to yield an improvement whether it is needed to be added or omitted. The questionnaire will then be revised and be distributed to the same respondents.
Statistical Treatment
The study will be administered using the questionnaire. The frequency of responses will be tallied, collated and tabulated by using these procedures:
1. To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age of pregnancy and educational attainment and the economic condition of the parents, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used using this formula.
p = f x 100%
n
where
p is percentage
f is frequency
N is number of cases
100% is constant
2. To analyze and interpret the data of the perceptions of the parents, the weighted mean will be used using the formula:
x= fw/N
where
x is weighted mean
f is frequency
w is weights 3, 2, 1
N is number of cases
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3. To find out the significant relationship in the perceptions of the parents regarding teenage pregnancy to the profile of the groups (teenage pregnant women and parents), the formula will be used.
where:
fo is observed frequency
fe is expected frequency
x is chi square
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3- Well Experienced (WM)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not Experienced (NE)
4. To identify the problems encountered, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used similar to that of number 1.
Scoring Procedure
The data will be scored in accordance to the following given categories:
Perceptions of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Strongly Agree (SA) The choices are very agreeable.
2 1.67- 2.33 Agree (A) The choices are agreeable.
1 1.00- 1.66 Disagree (D) The choices are not agreeable.
Problems encountered by the Teenage Pregnant Women
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Well Experienced (WE) The options are very clear.
2 1.67- 2.33 Experienced (E) The options are clear.
1 1.00- 1.66 Not Experienced (NE) The options are not clear.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To avoid confusion due to the varied connotations of words, the following terms were defined operationally and conceptually as used in this research report:
Teenagers are the persons in the teen years who are the target respondents in this research study.
Pregnancy is the condition of being pregnant or the act of carrying an unborn young within the body.
Teenage Pregnancy is a condition of carrying an unborn baby at an early age.
Perceptions of the Parents refer to the evaluation of the problems toward teenage pregnancy.
Profile of the Respondents operationally refers to the parents’ and teenage pregnant women’s characteristics in terms of economic condition, age of pregnancy and educational attainment.
Basis for awareness is the product aimed of this study for the other teenagers to be conscious about the effect of teenage pregnancy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Baxter, Leslie A. et al. (2008). Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Horton, Paul B. (1984). Sociology, 6th Ed. U.S.A.: McGrawhill, Inc.
Litchman, Ronnie. (2001). Pregnancy, Birth and Family Planning. U.S.A.: American
Library.
Mills, Wright C. (2000). The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Simkin, Penny. (2001). Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn. Australia: Hinkler
Books.
Stoppard, Miriam. (2000). Conception, Pregnancy and Birth. London: Darling
Kindersley.
UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
Ceniza, Anabelle V. (2001). Education Information on Abortion provided by Health
Care Givers, Tagbilaran City: A proposed Prevention and Post Abortion
Copunselling Program. University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
WEBSITES
www.devcompage.com
www.google.com
www.scidev.net
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
A LETTER OF REQUEST FOR THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue corner R. Palma St.
Cebu City
March 26, 2011
Benjamin O. Zabate
Barangay Captain
Sawang Calero, Cebu City
To Whom It May Concern:
I am currently working with my research proposal entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
Since my respondents are the populace who are under your control, your note of permission to conduct the study is of great significance.
Your moral support to this request will be highly appreciated!
Very truly yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
BENJAMIN O. ZABATE
Barangay Captain
APPENDIX B
LETTER FOR THE PARENTS
March 26, 2011
Dear Parents,
Good day!
I am on the process of doing my thesis in Fundamentals of Developmental Research and Extension entitled “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
I am asking a favor from you to answer the questions for you and for your daughter.
Your cooperation is highly needed.
Godspeed!
Respectfully yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE PARENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Economic Condition
Self- Employed
Temporary on Casual Employment
Permanently Employed
Not Employed at all
Others, please specify:
2. Perceptions of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy:
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3
(SA) 2
(A) 1
(D)
2.1 Health Problems
a. can yield AIDS/HIV
b. can yield Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. can yield Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Social Concern
a. deprived by people and bothered by the gossips
b. evasion of mingling others
c. neglected by other teenagers
2.3 Financial Problem
a. dependent to parents
b. forced to work in low salary working place
c. has neck- deep debt
2.4 Emotional Aspect
a. prone to depression
b. lead to despair
c. lead to repentance
2.5 Religious Factor
a. thankful to God
b. put bad impression to God
c. do not believe to God
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Age of Pregnancy
24-26
21-23
18-20
15-17
12-14
2. Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate
Elementary Graduate
High School Undergraduate
High School Graduate
College Undergraduate
College Graduate
Vocational Course
Others, please specify:
3. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
3- Well Experienced (WE)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not experienced (NE)
3
(WE) 2
(E) 1
(NE)
Financial needs
Deprived by others
Bothered by the gossips
Hopelessness
Repentance
Condemned by the parents
Led to unwanted pregnancy
Thought of abortion
Education is sacrificed
Left by the partner
Others, please specify:
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Para sa Ginikanan
Direksyon: Palihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) sa tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Kahimtang sa Pagpuyu
Adunay kaugalingung trabaho
Temporaryo nga nagtrabaho
Permanenteng nagtrabaho
Walay trabaho
Uban pa, palihug hinanli:
2. Panan- aw sa Ginikanan
3- Kusganung niuyun (KN)
2- Niuyun (N)
1- Wala niuyun (WN)
3
(KN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
2.1 Problema sa Panglawas
a. makahatag ug AIDS/HIV
b. makahatag ug Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. makahatag ug Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Problema sa Kumunidad
a. talikdan sa ubang tawo ug samukan sa mga tsismis
b. maglikay sa pagpakig- uban sa laing tawo
c. dili duulun sa ubang kabatan-unan
2.3 Problema sa Kwarta
a. magsalig sa ginikanan
b. mapugus sa pagpanarbahu sa gamay nga sweldo
c. daghan ug utang
2.4 Kabahin sa Emosyon
a. duul sa depresyun
b. wala nay paglaum
c. mabasulun
2.5 Relihiyusung Aspeto
a.. mapasalamatun sa Ginuu
b. basulun ang Ginuu
c. dili na mutuu ug Ginuu
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Kabahin sa Batan-ong Nagsabak
Direksyon: Palihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Edad sa Pagkamabdus
24-26
21-23
18-19
15-17
12-14
2. Kinatas-ang Gradu nga Nakab-ut
Wala nahuman sa Elementarya
Nahuman sa Elementarya
Wala nahuman sa Sekundarya
Nahuman sa Sekundarya
Wala nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Bokasyun nga Kursu
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
II. Problema nga naagian sa sayu nga Pagsabak
3- Grabi nga Nasulayan (GN)
2- Nasulayan(N)
1- Wala Masulayi(WM)
3
(GN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
Problema sa kwarta
Gitalikdan sa ubang tawo
Gisamukan sa mga tsismis
Nawad- an ug paglaum
Nagabasul
Naabut sa pagkawalay gustu nga pagsabak
Naghuna- huna sa pagpalaglag
Ang edukasyon nasakripisyu
Gibiyaan sa kapares
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
CURRICULUM VITAE
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
General Gines St. Sawang Calero, Cebu City
09323472250-xiannard@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Date of Birth : February 23, 1993
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
2009 to present
Secondary
Colonia National High School
Colonia, Tuburan, Cebu
A.Y. 2008-2009
Elementary
Caridad, Elementary School
Caridad, Tuburan, Cebu
2004-2005
SEMINARS ATTENDED
Strategic Communication: Cebu Technological University
The Impact of Broadcast Media Main Campus (LC)
to Development February 2011
Cebuano Journalism Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (SAC)
February 2011
Community Participatory Action Research Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (LC)
January 2011
Marshall McLuhan Forum Series University of San Jose- Recoletos
on Responsible Media Main Campus
“The Messenger as the Victim and Shooter: December 2010
From Maguindanao to Manila”
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (VIEWING ROOM)
September 2010
TEENAGE PREGNANCY IN BARANGAY SAWANG CALERO CEBU CITY
____________________________________________
An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of Languages and Literature Department
College of Arts and Sciences
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Ave. corner R. Palma St. Cebu City
________________________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement in
Fundamentals in Developmental Research & Extension
Engl 5A
_____________________________________________________
by
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
March 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All praise and thanksgiving to God Almighty for His spiritual guidance, eternal love, divine protection, strength and wisdom that made this work possible.
My profound thanks and heartfelt gratitude for the extensive cooperation and assistance of the following vital people:
Dr. Edwin A. Pilapil, for his guidance, comments, suggestions and patience in helping this research worthy.
To my Parents for their love, support and guidance.
To my Sisters and Brothers- In- Law for giving their best support.
To Calidguid Family who lend their computer for me to encode and search related matters of my study.
To the Library (College of Advanced Studies) for letting me stay in the place.
To my Classmates who shared their ideas, efforts and assistance upon doing this study.
To my Friends who are always there in giving me an abet and suggestions.
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
DEDICATIONS
This work is sincerely and heartily dedicated to the following for their support, adoration, affection and for being my precious gem in life:
My Parents
Ricardo B. Orbiso
Marites T. Orbiso
My Nephews
Abednigue Zadrach O. Encarguez
Marvin O. Perez
Mark Vanness O. Perez
My Sisters
Maricar O. Encarguez
Rhea Mae O. Perez
CHRISTIANNE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….i
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………….ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………........iii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….....iv
Chapter Page
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE…………………………………………
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
Rationale of the Study……………………………………………….
Theoretical Background………………………………………………
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………
The Problem
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….
Null Hypothesis………………………………………………………
Significance of the Study…………………………………………….
Research Methodology……………………………………………………….
Flow of the Study…………………………………………………….
Research Environment……………………………………………….
Research Respondents………………………………………………..
Research Instrument………………………………………………….
Research Procedures………………………………………………….
Statistical Treatment………………………………………………….
Scoring Procedure……………………………………………………
DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………..
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………
Letter for the Barangay Captain……………………………………….
Letter for the Parents………………………………………………….
Questionnaires…………………………………………………………..
Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………….
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
The inevitable growth of different things in this modern era usually yields bad exemplifications in life. Due to the evolution of man’s wit and skills, various things had been discovered and innovated. One example of which is the existence of media in the world that is somewhat affecting the status of living of the individuals especially to the teenagers. This could be the pace in putting the lives of the teenagers to venture and risk. The influence of the television shows, sexually explicited movies, weakening of the family bond, discarding of values practices and the like can be the reasons for the teenagers to commit sex drive.
Sex drive is a predisposition to seek sexual and sex- related response from one or more others and awakens in early teens and remains powerful throughout life. (Horton, 1984). This is why the number of cases of teenage pregnancy had risen up.
In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (Uppi) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex experience. What’s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. (http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20080614-142572/Teen-pregnancies-in-the-Philippines)
Some teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy are 16.5 million who belong to the 15-24 year old age group. We are forced with a glaring truth that at a very young age, a lot of Filipino young people today have children of their own. 30 % of all births belong to this age group and by the age of 20, 25% of the youth are already mothers. (http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=1294)
Hence, as observed in the Barangay of Sawang Calero Cebu City, teenage pregnancy is one of the rapid predicaments in the locality. The study will look into the respondents who had experienced this problem and to the perception of the parents with regards to this matter. On the other hand, the result will be posed to the Barangay Officials for them to give action in such a way that this will be mitigated or even solved and to awaken the teenagers especially women from the unconsciousness of the bitter effects and of the decadence of moral values to sexual relationships which is the main reason of teenage pregnancy.
Theoretical Background
Teenagers are meant to enjoy their lives to the fullest for adolescence is the stage to explore, discover and fulfill.
Yet, most of the teenagers are unaware of the things that surround them. Due to the full enjoyment, eagerness and unconsciousness, things that they do ended up to hopelessness. Being a teenager is innate to be immature but despite the immaturity, awareness must always be present no matter what actions that these teenagers are into.
Unfortunately, some teenagers led to failures because of the wrong choice. The population of the teenagers who got pregnant is fast rising. This study seeks a further understanding on the perceptions of the parents, the problems encountered by the teenagers and how this affects to the lives of the teenagers.
The theoretical perspective of this study is based on the Critical Feminist Theory.
Critical Feminist Theory focuses keenly on power relations and linked issues such as the unequal status and privileged accorded to women compared to that accorded to men.
This theory is subsets of two boarder groups of theories: Feminist Theory and Critical Theory.
Feminist theory is patriarchy which is a system that reflects primarily the interests, perspectives and experience of men as a group.
Critical Theory aims to identify prevailing structures and practices that create or uphold disadvantage, inequity or oppression and to point the way toward alternatives that promote more egalitarian possibility for individuals, relationships, groups and societies. (Baxter & Braithwaite, 2008).
When Critical and Feminist Theory collide, the results are, this theory now identifies, critiques, seeks to change inequities and discrimination specifically to sex and gender.
This theory is strongly focusing to the empowerment and to give voice for the women because some women nowadays are victims of human trafficking, sexual harassment and indulged into sex relations that even in the modern era, the victims are getting younger and younger.
Teenagers at the present time became more prone to the crime distinctively to sex- oriented matters. That’s why, the rising growth of teenage pregnancy is rapid in different places may it be internationally, nationally and even in local places.
Theoretical Framework
The focus of the study is to promote awareness on teenage pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City.
The problem will be answered by the teenagers who are pregnant or by the people who undergone or experienced teenage pregnancy.
Critical Feminist Theory
Figure I. Theoretical Background
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to assess the perceptions of teenage pregnancy to the respondents in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City during Calendar Year 2011 as basis for awareness.
Specifically, this study seeks to investigate the following questions.
1. What is the profile of the group in terms of:
1.1 Parents
1.1.1 Economic Condition?
1.2 Teenage Pregnant Woman
1.2.1 Age of Pregnancy?
1.2.2 Educational Attainment?
2. What is the perception of the parents towards teenage pregnancy in terms of:
2.1 Health Problems?
2.2 Social Concern?
2.3 Financial Problem?
2.4 Emotional Aspect?
2.5 Religious Factor?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the group and perceptions of parents towards teenage pregnancy?
4. What problems do the respondents encountered in an early pregnancy?
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the perceptions of the parents toward teenage pregnancy.
Significance of the Study
The study will greatly help the following groups:
Barangay Officials. The findings of this study will serve as basis for upgrading policies or programs protecting women teenagers who are nowadays, much prone to pregnancy.
Teenagers. This will provide insights on avoiding such problem and to be always conscious to the consequences brought on teenage pregnancy.
Parents. The results will give them an abet as to be always responsible in handling their offsprings especially their daughters to avoid such predicament.
Community. The study will hopefully raise the awareness of the populace on how to deal with teenage pregnancy problems.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The nature of the study requires the utilization of descriptive method of research with the use of the questionnaire as a main data gathering tool.
The Flow of the Study
Figure 2 presents the flow of the study. It will involve the collection of data that will answer questions concerning information related to respondents’ profile as to economic condition, age, gender and educational attainment. Moreover the study will know the perception of the parents and the problems encounter of the respondents in teenage pregnancy. The sequence of the study will be through the formulation of the questionnaire, informal interviews and statistical computation and analysis. Finally, the output of this study will serve as a basis for awareness of the teenagers especially women.
Research Environment
The locale of the study is Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City. At present, the Barangay has 7 blocks. To locate the place, San Nicolas Parish Church is the indication in getting there.
The usual source of income of the residents is the fish. Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City is also located near the Pasil Fish Market.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
I. Profile of the group
A. Parents
1. Economic Condition
B. Teenage Pregnant Women
1. Age of Pregnancy
2. Educational Attainment
II. Perceptions of the Parents on Teenage Pregnancy
III. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
FIGURE 2
THE FLOW OF THE STUDY
That is why sometimes, the place is wrongly known as Barangay Pasil because the Fish Market is just close to the Barangay Sawang Calero.
Figure 3 shows the map which locates the Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City.
Research Respondents
Women teenagers from 12 to 19 years old and the parents of the teenagers will be the target population of this study. These teenagers will be taken by using a random sampling method that particularly underwent into an teenage pregnancy. These respondents must only be living under the blocks of Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City and preferably willing to share their experiences on teenage pregnancy.
Research Instrument
The questionnaire will be the main instrument to use inorder to gather data. This will be composed of two types. The first questionnaire will be for the teenage pregnant women with their profile in terms of their age, gender and educational attainment together with their problems undergone in teenage pregnancy. The second will be for the profile of the parents in terms of their economic condition which includes their perceptions toward teenage pregnancy.
Research Procedures
The researcher will personally administer the pre- testing of the questionnaire to the women teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy and to the parents of the target respondents to yield an improvement whether it is needed to be added or omitted. The questionnaire will then be revised and be distributed to the same respondents.
Statistical Treatment
The study will be administered using the questionnaire; the frequency of responses will be tallied, collated and tabulated by using these procedures:
1. To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age and educational attainment and the economic condition of the parents, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used using this formula.
p = f x 100%
n
where:
p is percentage
f is frequency
N is number of cases
100% is constant
2. To analyze and interpret the data of the perception of the parents, the weighted mean will be used using the formula:
x = fw
N
where:
x is weighted mean
f is frequency
w is weights 3, 2, 1
N is number of cases
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3. To find out the significant relationship in the perception of the parents regarding teenage pregnancy to t he profile of the respondents (teenage pregnant women and parents), the formula will be used.
x 2 = ( fo-fe)2
fe
where:
fo is observed frequency
fe is expected frequency
x is chi square
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3- Well Experienced (WM)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not Experienced (NE)
4. To identify the problems encountered, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used similar to that of number 1.
Scoring Procedure
The data will be scored in accordance to the following given categories:
Perceptions of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Strongly Agree (SA) The choices are very agreeable.
2 1.67- 2.33 Agree (A) The choices are agreeable.
1 1.00- 1.66 Disagree (D) The choices are not aggreable.
Problems encountered by the Teenage Pregnant Women
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Well Experienced (WE) The options are very clear.
2 1.67- 2.33 Experienced (E) The options are clear.
1 1.00- 1.66 Not Experienced (NE) The options are not clear.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To avoid confusion due to the varied connotations of words, the following terms were defined operationally and conceptually as used in this research report:
Teenagers are the persons in the teen years which are the target respondents in this research study.
Pregnancy is the condition of being pregnant or the act of carrying an unborn young within the body.
Teenage Pregnancy is a condition of carrying an unborn baby at an early age.
Perceptions of the Parents refer to the evaluation of the problems toward teenage pregnancy.
Profile of the Respondents operationally refers to the parents’ and teenage pregnant women characteristics in terms of economic condition, age, gender and educational attainment.
Basis for awareness is the product aimed of this study for the other teenagers to be conscious about the effect of teenage pregnancy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Baxter, Leslie A. et al. (2008). Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Horton, Paul B. (1984). Sociology, 6th Ed. U.S.A.: McGrawhill, Inc.
Litchman, Ronnie. (2001). Pregnancy, Birth and Family Planning. U.S.A.: American
Library.
Mills, Wright C. (2000). The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Simkin, Penny. (2001). Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn. Australia: Hinkler
Books.
Stoppard, Miriam. (2000). Conception, Pregnancy and Birth. London: Darling
Kindersley.
UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
Ceniza, Anabelle V. (2001). Education Information on Abortionh provided by Health
Care Givers, Tagbilaran City: A proposed Prevention and Post Abortion
Copunselling Program. University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
WEBSITES
www.devcompage.com
www.google.com
www.scidev.net
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
A LETTER OF REQUEST FOR THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue corner R. Palma St.
Cebu City
March 26, 2011
Benjamin O. Zabate
Barangay Captain
Sawang Calero, Cebu City
To Whom It May Concern:
I am currently working with my research proposal entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
Since my respondents are the populace who are under your control, your note of permission to conduct the study is of great significance.
Your moral support to this request will be highly appreciated!
Very truly yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
BENJAMIN O. ZABATE
Barangay Captain
APPENDIX B
LETTER FOR THE PARENTS
March 26, 2011
Dear Parents,
Good day!
I am on the process of doing my thesis in Fundamentals of Developmental Research and Extension entitled “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
I am asking a favor from you to answer the questions for you and for your daughter.
Your cooperation is highly needed.
Godspeed!
Respectfully yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE PARENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Economic Condition
Self- Employed
Temporary on Casual Employment
Permanently Employed
Not Employed at all
Others, please specify:
2. Perception of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy:
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3
(SA) 2
(A) 1
(D)
2.1 Health Problems
a. can yield AIDS/HIV
b. can yield Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. can yield Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Social Concern
a. deprived by people and bothered by the gossips
b. evasion of mingling others
c. neglected by other teenagers
2.3 Financial Problem
a. dependent to parents
b. forced to work in low salary working place
c. has neck- deep debt
2.4 Emotional Aspect
a. prone to depression
b. lead to despair
c. lead to repentance
2.5 Religious Factor
a. thankful to God
b. put bad impression to God
c. do not believe to God
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Age of Pregnancy
18-19
15-17
12-14
2. Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate
Elementary Graduate
High School Undergraduate
High School Graduate
College Undergraduate
College Graduate
Vocational Course
Others, please specify:
3. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
3- Well Experienced (WE)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not experienced (NE)
3
(WE) 2
(E) 1
(NE)
Financial needs
Deprived by others
Bothered by the gossips
Hopelessness
Repentance
Condemned by the parents
Led to unwanted pregnancy
Thought of abortion
Education is needed to be sacrificed
Left by the partner
Others, please specify:
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Para sa Ginikanan
Direksyon: pilihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Kahimtang sa Pagpuyu
Adunay kaugalingung trabaho
Temporaryo nga nagtrabaho
Permanenteng nagtrabaho
Walay trabaho
Uban pa, palihug hinanli:
2. Panan- aw sa Ginikanan
3- Kusganung niuyun (KN)
2- Niuyun (N)
1- Wala niuyun (WN)
3
(KN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
2.1 Problema sa Panglawas
a. makahatag ug AIDS/HIV
b. makahatag ug Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. makahatag ug Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Problema sa Kumunidad
a. talikdan sa ubang tawo ug samulan sa mga tsismis
b. maglikay sa pagpakig- uban sa laing tawo
c. dili duulun sa ubang kabatan-unan
2.3 Problema sa Kwarta
a. magsalig sa ginikanan
b. mapugus sa pagpanarbahu sa gamay nga sweldo
c. daghan ug utang
2.4 Kabahin sa Emosyon
a. duul sa depresyun
b. wala nay paglaum
c. mabasulun
2.5 Relihiyusung Aspeto
a.. mapasalamatun sa Ginuu
b. basulun ang Ginuu
c. dili na mutuu ug Ginuu
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Kabahin sa Batan-ong Nagsabak
Direksyon: Palihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Edad sa Pagkamabdus
18-19
15-17
12-14
2. Kinatas-ang Gradu nga Nakab-ut
Wala nahuman sa Elementarya
Nahuman sa Elementarya
Wala nahuman sa Sekundarya
Nahuman sa Sekundarya
Wala nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Bokasyun nga Kursu
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
II. Problema nga naagian sa sayu nga Pagsabak
3- Grabi nga Nasulayan (GN)
2- Nasulayan(N)
1- Wala Masulayi(WM)
3
(GN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
Problema sa kwarta
Gitalikdan sa ubang tawo
Gisamukan sa mga tsismis
Nawad- an ug paglaum
Nagabasul
Naabut sa pagkawalay gustu nga pagsabak
Naghuna- huna sa pagpalaglag
Ang edukasyon kinahanglan nga i- sakripisyu
Gibiyaan sa kapares
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
CURRICULUM VITAE
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
General Gines St. Sawang Calero, Cebu City
09323472250-xiannard@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Date of Birth : February 23, 1993
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
2009 to present
Secondary
Colonia National High School
Colonia, Tuburan, Cebu
A.Y. 2008-2009
Elementary
Caridad, Elementary School
Caridad, Tuburan, Cebu
2004-2005
SEMINAR ATTENDED
Strategic Communication: Cebu Technological University
The Impact of Broadcast Media Main Campus (LC)
To Development February 2011
Cebuano Journalism Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (SAC)
February 2011
Community Participatory Action Research Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (LC)
January 2011
Marshall McLuhan Forum Series University of San Jose- Recoletos
on Responsible Media Main Campus
“The Messenger as the Victim and Shooter: December 2010
From Maguindanao to Manila”
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (VIEWING ROOM)
September 2010
An Undergraduate Thesis Proposal
Presented to the Faculty of Languages and Literature Department
College of Arts and Sciences
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Ave. corner R. Palma St. Cebu City
________________________________________________________________
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirement in
Fundamentals in Developmental Research & Extension
Engl 5A
_____________________________________________________
by
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
March 2011
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
All praise and thanksgiving to God Almighty for His spiritual guidance, eternal love, divine protection, strength and wisdom that made this work possible.
My profound thanks and heartfelt gratitude for the extensive cooperation and assistance of the following vital people:
Dr. Edwin A. Pilapil, for his guidance, comments, suggestions and patience in helping this research worthy.
To my Parents for their love, support and guidance.
To my Sisters and Brothers- In- Law for giving their best support.
To Calidguid Family who lend their computer for me to encode and search related matters of my study.
To the Library (College of Advanced Studies) for letting me stay in the place.
To my Classmates who shared their ideas, efforts and assistance upon doing this study.
To my Friends who are always there in giving me an abet and suggestions.
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
DEDICATIONS
This work is sincerely and heartily dedicated to the following for their support, adoration, affection and for being my precious gem in life:
My Parents
Ricardo B. Orbiso
Marites T. Orbiso
My Nephews
Abednigue Zadrach O. Encarguez
Marvin O. Perez
Mark Vanness O. Perez
My Sisters
Maricar O. Encarguez
Rhea Mae O. Perez
CHRISTIANNE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page…………………………………………………………………………….i
Acknowledgment…………………………………………………………………….ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………………........iii
Table of Contents………………………………………………………………….....iv
Chapter Page
I. THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE…………………………………………
Introduction…………………………………………………………………..
Rationale of the Study……………………………………………….
Theoretical Background………………………………………………
Theoretical Framework………………………………………………
The Problem
Statement of the Problem…………………………………………….
Null Hypothesis………………………………………………………
Significance of the Study…………………………………………….
Research Methodology……………………………………………………….
Flow of the Study…………………………………………………….
Research Environment……………………………………………….
Research Respondents………………………………………………..
Research Instrument………………………………………………….
Research Procedures………………………………………………….
Statistical Treatment………………………………………………….
Scoring Procedure……………………………………………………
DEFINITION OF TERMS…………………………………………..
BIBLIOGRAPHY……………………………………………………………..
APPENDICES…………………………………………………………………
Letter for the Barangay Captain……………………………………….
Letter for the Parents………………………………………………….
Questionnaires…………………………………………………………..
Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………….
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SCOPE
Introduction
Rationale of the Study
The inevitable growth of different things in this modern era usually yields bad exemplifications in life. Due to the evolution of man’s wit and skills, various things had been discovered and innovated. One example of which is the existence of media in the world that is somewhat affecting the status of living of the individuals especially to the teenagers. This could be the pace in putting the lives of the teenagers to venture and risk. The influence of the television shows, sexually explicited movies, weakening of the family bond, discarding of values practices and the like can be the reasons for the teenagers to commit sex drive.
Sex drive is a predisposition to seek sexual and sex- related response from one or more others and awakens in early teens and remains powerful throughout life. (Horton, 1984). This is why the number of cases of teenage pregnancy had risen up.
In the Philippines, according to the 2002 Young Adult Fertility and Sexuality Study by the University of the Philippines Population Institute (Uppi) and the Demographic Research and Development Foundation, 26 percent of our Filipino youth nationwide from ages 15 to 25 admitted to having a premarital sex experience. What’s worse is that 38 percent of our youth are already in a live-in arrangement. (http://showbizandstyle.inquirer.net/lifestyle/lifestyle/view/20080614-142572/Teen-pregnancies-in-the-Philippines)
Some teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy are 16.5 million who belong to the 15-24 year old age group. We are forced with a glaring truth that at a very young age, a lot of Filipino young people today have children of their own. 30 % of all births belong to this age group and by the age of 20, 25% of the youth are already mothers. (http://www.philippinestoday.net/index.php?module=article&view=1294)
Hence, as observed in the Barangay of Sawang Calero Cebu City, teenage pregnancy is one of the rapid predicaments in the locality. The study will look into the respondents who had experienced this problem and to the perception of the parents with regards to this matter. On the other hand, the result will be posed to the Barangay Officials for them to give action in such a way that this will be mitigated or even solved and to awaken the teenagers especially women from the unconsciousness of the bitter effects and of the decadence of moral values to sexual relationships which is the main reason of teenage pregnancy.
Theoretical Background
Teenagers are meant to enjoy their lives to the fullest for adolescence is the stage to explore, discover and fulfill.
Yet, most of the teenagers are unaware of the things that surround them. Due to the full enjoyment, eagerness and unconsciousness, things that they do ended up to hopelessness. Being a teenager is innate to be immature but despite the immaturity, awareness must always be present no matter what actions that these teenagers are into.
Unfortunately, some teenagers led to failures because of the wrong choice. The population of the teenagers who got pregnant is fast rising. This study seeks a further understanding on the perceptions of the parents, the problems encountered by the teenagers and how this affects to the lives of the teenagers.
The theoretical perspective of this study is based on the Critical Feminist Theory.
Critical Feminist Theory focuses keenly on power relations and linked issues such as the unequal status and privileged accorded to women compared to that accorded to men.
This theory is subsets of two boarder groups of theories: Feminist Theory and Critical Theory.
Feminist theory is patriarchy which is a system that reflects primarily the interests, perspectives and experience of men as a group.
Critical Theory aims to identify prevailing structures and practices that create or uphold disadvantage, inequity or oppression and to point the way toward alternatives that promote more egalitarian possibility for individuals, relationships, groups and societies. (Baxter & Braithwaite, 2008).
When Critical and Feminist Theory collide, the results are, this theory now identifies, critiques, seeks to change inequities and discrimination specifically to sex and gender.
This theory is strongly focusing to the empowerment and to give voice for the women because some women nowadays are victims of human trafficking, sexual harassment and indulged into sex relations that even in the modern era, the victims are getting younger and younger.
Teenagers at the present time became more prone to the crime distinctively to sex- oriented matters. That’s why, the rising growth of teenage pregnancy is rapid in different places may it be internationally, nationally and even in local places.
Theoretical Framework
The focus of the study is to promote awareness on teenage pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City.
The problem will be answered by the teenagers who are pregnant or by the people who undergone or experienced teenage pregnancy.
Critical Feminist Theory
Figure I. Theoretical Background
THE PROBLEM
Statement of the Problem
The study aims to assess the perceptions of teenage pregnancy to the respondents in Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City during Calendar Year 2011 as basis for awareness.
Specifically, this study seeks to investigate the following questions.
1. What is the profile of the group in terms of:
1.1 Parents
1.1.1 Economic Condition?
1.2 Teenage Pregnant Woman
1.2.1 Age of Pregnancy?
1.2.2 Educational Attainment?
2. What is the perception of the parents towards teenage pregnancy in terms of:
2.1 Health Problems?
2.2 Social Concern?
2.3 Financial Problem?
2.4 Emotional Aspect?
2.5 Religious Factor?
3. Is there a significant relationship between the profile of the group and perceptions of parents towards teenage pregnancy?
4. What problems do the respondents encountered in an early pregnancy?
Null Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the profile of the respondents and the perceptions of the parents toward teenage pregnancy.
Significance of the Study
The study will greatly help the following groups:
Barangay Officials. The findings of this study will serve as basis for upgrading policies or programs protecting women teenagers who are nowadays, much prone to pregnancy.
Teenagers. This will provide insights on avoiding such problem and to be always conscious to the consequences brought on teenage pregnancy.
Parents. The results will give them an abet as to be always responsible in handling their offsprings especially their daughters to avoid such predicament.
Community. The study will hopefully raise the awareness of the populace on how to deal with teenage pregnancy problems.
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
The nature of the study requires the utilization of descriptive method of research with the use of the questionnaire as a main data gathering tool.
The Flow of the Study
Figure 2 presents the flow of the study. It will involve the collection of data that will answer questions concerning information related to respondents’ profile as to economic condition, age, gender and educational attainment. Moreover the study will know the perception of the parents and the problems encounter of the respondents in teenage pregnancy. The sequence of the study will be through the formulation of the questionnaire, informal interviews and statistical computation and analysis. Finally, the output of this study will serve as a basis for awareness of the teenagers especially women.
Research Environment
The locale of the study is Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City. At present, the Barangay has 7 blocks. To locate the place, San Nicolas Parish Church is the indication in getting there.
The usual source of income of the residents is the fish. Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City is also located near the Pasil Fish Market.
INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
I. Profile of the group
A. Parents
1. Economic Condition
B. Teenage Pregnant Women
1. Age of Pregnancy
2. Educational Attainment
II. Perceptions of the Parents on Teenage Pregnancy
III. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
FIGURE 2
THE FLOW OF THE STUDY
That is why sometimes, the place is wrongly known as Barangay Pasil because the Fish Market is just close to the Barangay Sawang Calero.
Figure 3 shows the map which locates the Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City.
Research Respondents
Women teenagers from 12 to 19 years old and the parents of the teenagers will be the target population of this study. These teenagers will be taken by using a random sampling method that particularly underwent into an teenage pregnancy. These respondents must only be living under the blocks of Barangay Sawang Calero, Cebu City and preferably willing to share their experiences on teenage pregnancy.
Research Instrument
The questionnaire will be the main instrument to use inorder to gather data. This will be composed of two types. The first questionnaire will be for the teenage pregnant women with their profile in terms of their age, gender and educational attainment together with their problems undergone in teenage pregnancy. The second will be for the profile of the parents in terms of their economic condition which includes their perceptions toward teenage pregnancy.
Research Procedures
The researcher will personally administer the pre- testing of the questionnaire to the women teenagers who underwent teenage pregnancy and to the parents of the target respondents to yield an improvement whether it is needed to be added or omitted. The questionnaire will then be revised and be distributed to the same respondents.
Statistical Treatment
The study will be administered using the questionnaire; the frequency of responses will be tallied, collated and tabulated by using these procedures:
1. To determine the profile of the respondents in terms of age and educational attainment and the economic condition of the parents, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used using this formula.
p = f x 100%
n
where:
p is percentage
f is frequency
N is number of cases
100% is constant
2. To analyze and interpret the data of the perception of the parents, the weighted mean will be used using the formula:
x = fw
N
where:
x is weighted mean
f is frequency
w is weights 3, 2, 1
N is number of cases
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3. To find out the significant relationship in the perception of the parents regarding teenage pregnancy to t he profile of the respondents (teenage pregnant women and parents), the formula will be used.
x 2 = ( fo-fe)2
fe
where:
fo is observed frequency
fe is expected frequency
x is chi square
To quantify the response category, weights will be assigned as follows:
Weights Descriptive Rating
3- Well Experienced (WM)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not Experienced (NE)
4. To identify the problems encountered, the frequency distribution with the percentage computation will be used similar to that of number 1.
Scoring Procedure
The data will be scored in accordance to the following given categories:
Perceptions of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Strongly Agree (SA) The choices are very agreeable.
2 1.67- 2.33 Agree (A) The choices are agreeable.
1 1.00- 1.66 Disagree (D) The choices are not aggreable.
Problems encountered by the Teenage Pregnant Women
Weight Numerical Ranges Adjectival Interpretation Verbal Description
3 2.34- 3.00 Well Experienced (WE) The options are very clear.
2 1.67- 2.33 Experienced (E) The options are clear.
1 1.00- 1.66 Not Experienced (NE) The options are not clear.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
To avoid confusion due to the varied connotations of words, the following terms were defined operationally and conceptually as used in this research report:
Teenagers are the persons in the teen years which are the target respondents in this research study.
Pregnancy is the condition of being pregnant or the act of carrying an unborn young within the body.
Teenage Pregnancy is a condition of carrying an unborn baby at an early age.
Perceptions of the Parents refer to the evaluation of the problems toward teenage pregnancy.
Profile of the Respondents operationally refers to the parents’ and teenage pregnant women characteristics in terms of economic condition, age, gender and educational attainment.
Basis for awareness is the product aimed of this study for the other teenagers to be conscious about the effect of teenage pregnancy.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
BOOKS
Baxter, Leslie A. et al. (2008). Engaging Theories in Interpersonal Communication.
Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc.
Horton, Paul B. (1984). Sociology, 6th Ed. U.S.A.: McGrawhill, Inc.
Litchman, Ronnie. (2001). Pregnancy, Birth and Family Planning. U.S.A.: American
Library.
Mills, Wright C. (2000). The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University
Press.
Simkin, Penny. (2001). Pregnancy, Childbirth and the Newborn. Australia: Hinkler
Books.
Stoppard, Miriam. (2000). Conception, Pregnancy and Birth. London: Darling
Kindersley.
UNPUBLISHED MATERIAL
Ceniza, Anabelle V. (2001). Education Information on Abortionh provided by Health
Care Givers, Tagbilaran City: A proposed Prevention and Post Abortion
Copunselling Program. University of Bohol, Tagbilaran City, Philippines
WEBSITES
www.devcompage.com
www.google.com
www.scidev.net
APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
A LETTER OF REQUEST FOR THE BARANGAY CAPTAIN
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue corner R. Palma St.
Cebu City
March 26, 2011
Benjamin O. Zabate
Barangay Captain
Sawang Calero, Cebu City
To Whom It May Concern:
I am currently working with my research proposal entitled, “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
Since my respondents are the populace who are under your control, your note of permission to conduct the study is of great significance.
Your moral support to this request will be highly appreciated!
Very truly yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
BENJAMIN O. ZABATE
Barangay Captain
APPENDIX B
LETTER FOR THE PARENTS
March 26, 2011
Dear Parents,
Good day!
I am on the process of doing my thesis in Fundamentals of Developmental Research and Extension entitled “Teenage Pregnancy in Barangay Sawang Calero Cebu City”.
I am asking a favor from you to answer the questions for you and for your daughter.
Your cooperation is highly needed.
Godspeed!
Respectfully yours,
CHRISTIANNE ERIC T. ORBISO
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE PARENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Economic Condition
Self- Employed
Temporary on Casual Employment
Permanently Employed
Not Employed at all
Others, please specify:
2. Perception of the Parents toward Teenage Pregnancy:
3 - Strongly Agree (SA)
2 – Agree (A)
1 – Disagree (D)
3
(SA) 2
(A) 1
(D)
2.1 Health Problems
a. can yield AIDS/HIV
b. can yield Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. can yield Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Social Concern
a. deprived by people and bothered by the gossips
b. evasion of mingling others
c. neglected by other teenagers
2.3 Financial Problem
a. dependent to parents
b. forced to work in low salary working place
c. has neck- deep debt
2.4 Emotional Aspect
a. prone to depression
b. lead to despair
c. lead to repentance
2.5 Religious Factor
a. thankful to God
b. put bad impression to God
c. do not believe to God
QUESTIONNAIRE
Name:
I. PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Direction: Put a check mark (/) in your answer on the following questions.
1. Age of Pregnancy
18-19
15-17
12-14
2. Educational Attainment
Elementary Undergraduate
Elementary Graduate
High School Undergraduate
High School Graduate
College Undergraduate
College Graduate
Vocational Course
Others, please specify:
3. Problems encountered in Teenage Pregnancy
3- Well Experienced (WE)
2- Experienced (E)
1- Not experienced (NE)
3
(WE) 2
(E) 1
(NE)
Financial needs
Deprived by others
Bothered by the gossips
Hopelessness
Repentance
Condemned by the parents
Led to unwanted pregnancy
Thought of abortion
Education is needed to be sacrificed
Left by the partner
Others, please specify:
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Para sa Ginikanan
Direksyon: pilihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Kahimtang sa Pagpuyu
Adunay kaugalingung trabaho
Temporaryo nga nagtrabaho
Permanenteng nagtrabaho
Walay trabaho
Uban pa, palihug hinanli:
2. Panan- aw sa Ginikanan
3- Kusganung niuyun (KN)
2- Niuyun (N)
1- Wala niuyun (WN)
3
(KN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
2.1 Problema sa Panglawas
a. makahatag ug AIDS/HIV
b. makahatag ug Urinary Track Infection (UTI)
c. makahatag ug Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
2.2 Problema sa Kumunidad
a. talikdan sa ubang tawo ug samulan sa mga tsismis
b. maglikay sa pagpakig- uban sa laing tawo
c. dili duulun sa ubang kabatan-unan
2.3 Problema sa Kwarta
a. magsalig sa ginikanan
b. mapugus sa pagpanarbahu sa gamay nga sweldo
c. daghan ug utang
2.4 Kabahin sa Emosyon
a. duul sa depresyun
b. wala nay paglaum
c. mabasulun
2.5 Relihiyusung Aspeto
a.. mapasalamatun sa Ginuu
b. basulun ang Ginuu
c. dili na mutuu ug Ginuu
MGA PANGUTANA
Pangalan:
I. Kabahin sa Batan-ong Nagsabak
Direksyon: Palihug sa pagbutang ug tsek (/) tubag sa mga musunud nga pangutana.
1. Edad sa Pagkamabdus
18-19
15-17
12-14
2. Kinatas-ang Gradu nga Nakab-ut
Wala nahuman sa Elementarya
Nahuman sa Elementarya
Wala nahuman sa Sekundarya
Nahuman sa Sekundarya
Wala nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Nahuman sa Kolehiyo
Bokasyun nga Kursu
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
II. Problema nga naagian sa sayu nga Pagsabak
3- Grabi nga Nasulayan (GN)
2- Nasulayan(N)
1- Wala Masulayi(WM)
3
(GN) 2
(N) 1
(WN)
Problema sa kwarta
Gitalikdan sa ubang tawo
Gisamukan sa mga tsismis
Nawad- an ug paglaum
Nagabasul
Naabut sa pagkawalay gustu nga pagsabak
Naghuna- huna sa pagpalaglag
Ang edukasyon kinahanglan nga i- sakripisyu
Gibiyaan sa kapares
Uban pa, palihug hinganli:
CURRICULUM VITAE
Christianne Eric T. Orbiso
General Gines St. Sawang Calero, Cebu City
09323472250-xiannard@yahoo.com
PERSONAL DATA
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Religion : Roman Catholic
Date of Birth : February 23, 1993
EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND
Tertiary
Cebu Technological University, Main Campus
M.J. Cuenco Avenue Cebu City
Bachelor of Science in Development Communication
2009 to present
Secondary
Colonia National High School
Colonia, Tuburan, Cebu
A.Y. 2008-2009
Elementary
Caridad, Elementary School
Caridad, Tuburan, Cebu
2004-2005
SEMINAR ATTENDED
Strategic Communication: Cebu Technological University
The Impact of Broadcast Media Main Campus (LC)
To Development February 2011
Cebuano Journalism Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (SAC)
February 2011
Community Participatory Action Research Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (LC)
January 2011
Marshall McLuhan Forum Series University of San Jose- Recoletos
on Responsible Media Main Campus
“The Messenger as the Victim and Shooter: December 2010
From Maguindanao to Manila”
Kapisanan ng mga Brodkaster ng Pilipinas Cebu Technological University
Main Campus (VIEWING ROOM)
September 2010
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